Table 2.
Summary of major cytokine alterations in MDS.
| Proinflammatory | Anti‐inflammatory | Growth factors | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cytokines |
In all MDS: ↑ IL‐1RA, IL‐15, TNFα, IL‐6, 130 , 131 IL‐8, 130 , 132 CCL2, CXCL10 132 ; ↓ CCL3, 130 CCL4 131 (PB + BM) In LR‐MDS: ↑ IL‐7, IL‐12, CCL5, INF‐γ, 8 IL‐17 8 , 133 (PB + BM) In HR‐MDS: ↓ IL‐18 70 (BM) |
In all MDS: ↑ TGF‐β, 130 IL‐27 132 ; ↓ IL‐4 130 (PB + BM) In HR‐MDS: ↑ IL‐10, soluble IL‐2R 8 (PB) |
In all MDS: ↑ G‐CSF 131 (PB) ↑ VEGFA 130 (PB) |
↑ TGF‐β correlated with higher BM blasts % 54 (BM) ↑ TNF‐α correlated with higher BM blasts %, adverse prognosis 134 (PB) ↑ IL‐6, IL‐7, and CXCL10 correlated with adverse prognosis 135 (PB) |
Abbreviations: BM, bone marrow; PB, peripheral blood.