Table 2.
Children’s food products available in Porto, according to the degree of processing and nutritional information (n 244)
| Degree of processing/food type | Contribution to total energy value (%) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | Carbohydrates (%) | Fat (%) | Salt | |||||||
| Serving (g) | Packing (g) | /100 g | /serving | Total | Sugars | Protein (%) | Total | SFA | g/100 g | |
| Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | |
| Group 1 – unprocessed or minimally processed foods, n 82 (34 %) | ||||||||||
| Low-income (n 63) | 80 | 234 | 95 | 136 | 87·5 | 72·1 | 5·2 | 6·3 | 1·9 | 0·36 |
| High-income (n 19) | 25 | 189 | 145 | 161 | 86·8 | 47·6 | 8·1 | 5·1 | 1·9 | 0·22 |
| P value* | 0·025 | 0·360 | 0·15 | 1·00 | 0·768 | 0·214 | 0·001 | 0·798 | 0·928 | 0·628 |
| Cereal/porridge | 29·5 | 249 | 390·4 | 185 | 81·9 | 12·3 | 11·2 | 9·9 | 2·4 | 0·08 |
| Fruit/vegetable purée | 90 | 212·4 | 62·3 | 57·5 | 93 | 77·9 | 3·8 | 3·2 | 0·7 | 0·02 |
| Meat- or fish-based meal | NF | 190 | 260 | NF | 45·8 | 44·3 | 33·8 | 20·6 | 6·9 | 0·10 |
| Yogurt or yogurt-product | 250 | 300 | 80 | 243 | 63 | 43·8 | 11·9 | 25·1 | 14·3 | 0·09 |
| Other | NF | 190 | 34 | NF | 71 | 11·8 | 23·7 | 5·3 | 0·0 | 0·03 |
| Group 2 – processed foods, n 25 (10 %) | ||||||||||
| Low income (n 63) | 230 | 347 | 66 | 143 | 53·6 | 48·3 | 15·9 | 30·4 | 8·4 | 0·09 |
| High income (n 19) | 250 | 227 | 72 | 154 | 50·9 | 48·8 | 19·5 | 29·6 | 7·7 | 0·07 |
| P value* | 0·480 | 0·182 | 0·102 | 0·380 | 0·861 | 0·090 | 0·070 | 0·365 | 0·815 | 0·438 |
| Meat- or-fish-based meal | 230 | 261·2 | 69·3 | 137 | 50·1 | 8·4 | 19·0 | 30·9 | 7·6 | 0·10 |
| Fruit/vegetable purée | NF | 400 | 51·5 | NF | 92·9 | 74·9 | 3·3 | 3·8 | 1·0 | 0·07 |
| Soup | 250 | 500 | 61 | 152 | 49·1 | 15 | 9·5 | 41·4 | 13·3 | 0·06 |
| Group 3 – ultra-processed foods, n 137 (56 %) | ||||||||||
| Low income (n 63) | 81 | 426 | 297 | 192 | 66·7 | 39·1 | 9·8 | 23·5 | 9·6 | 0·10 |
| High income (n 19) | 68 | 517 | 363 | 166 | 62·9 | 31·9 | 10·1 | 27·1 | 9·9 | 0·52 |
| P value* | 0·140 | 0·036 | 0·033 | 0·156 | 0·162 | 0·118 | 0·819 | 0·278 | 0·814 | 0·06 |
| Cereal/porridge | 42 | 363 | 423·4 | 204·3 | 73·9 | 27·8 | 11·7 | 14·4 | 5·1 | 0·46 |
| Fruit/vegetable purée | 90 | 182·9 | 64·1 | 57·3 | 91·9 | 76·2 | 4·4 | 3·7 | 0·6 | 0·01 |
| Yogurt or yogurt product | 174·0 | 405·0 | 90·3 | 166·8 | 57·4 | 37·0 | 12·8 | 29·8 | 17·1 | 0·11 |
| Biscuits/wafers/crisps | 6·9 | 111·7 | 442·2 | 30·3 | 70·2 | 14·8 | 5·5 | 24·3 | 9·4 | 0·10 |
| Juice/smoothie/tea/other drinks | NF | 185·7 | 375·7 | NF | 96·9 | 69·6 | 0·60 | 2·5 | 0·1 | 0·06 |
| Other | 30·0 | 445·0 | 293·0 | 150·0 | 66·7 | 19·7 | 5·8 | 27·5 | 8·8 | 0·21 |
| P value** | 0·007 | <0·001 | 0·042 | 0·011 | 0·383 | 0·004 | 0·189 | 0·306 | 0·082 | <0·001 |
NF = none found.
*
P value for the comparison between neigbourhoods.
**
P value for the comparison of the total amount of each, serving/packing/nutritional variable between the NOVA categories, Kruskal–Wallis test.