Table 3.
Subgroup analyses of ultra-processed food intake and the risk of Preeclampsia (Highest vs. lowest category meta-analysis)
| Sub-groups | Number of effect sizes | Relative Risk (95%CI), Pvalue | I2 (%), Pheterogeneity | P between |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 12 | 1.28 (1.03, 1.59), 0.025 | 80.8, < 0.001 | |
| Study design | 0.435 | |||
| Cohort | 7 | 1.15 (0.90, 1.46), 0.262 | 73.3, 0.001 | |
| Case-control | 4 | 1.61 (0.93, 2.77), 0.087 | 90.7, < 0.001 | |
| Cross-Sectional | 1 | 1.38 (0.46, 4.13), 0.565 | – | |
| Ultra-processed food assessment method | 0.103 | |||
| NOVA food classification | 3 | 1.22 (1.04, 1.42), 0.013 | 0.0, 0.957 | |
| Western diet pattern | 3 | 2.51 (1.13, 5.57), 0.023 | 91.1, < 0.001 | |
| Sweets consumption | 6 | 0.99 (0.81, 1.21), 0.925 | 59.9, 0.029 | |
| Region | 0.096 | |||
| America | 3 | 0.77 (0.46, 1.28), 0.314 | 10.5, 0.327 | |
| Europe | 3 | 1.14 (0.89, 1.46), 0.296 | 82.1, 0.004 | |
| Asia | 6 | 1.65 (1.07, 2.55), 0.023 | 86.1, < 0.001 | |
| Number of Case | 0.297 | |||
| ≤100 | 8 | 1.15 (0.91, 1.45), 0.073 | 46.1, 0.073 | |
| > 100 | 4 | 1.57 (1.03, 2.40), < 0.001 | 93.2, < 0.001 | |
| Number of participants | 0.142 | |||
| < 1000 | 6 | 1.65 (1.07, 2.55), 0.023 | 86.1, < 0.001 | |
| > 1000 | 6 | 1.06 (0.84, 1.34), 0.604 | 68.0, 0.008 | |
| Age | 0.015 | |||
| < 30 | 3 | 2.39 (0.78, 7.30), 0.128 | 80.0, 0.007 | |
| ≥30 | 5 | 1.28 (1.07, 1.54), 0.008 | 50.4, 0.089 | |
| Not report | 4 | 0.95 (0.72, 1.25), 0.711 | 70.1, 0.018 | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | 0.353 | |||
| ≤25 | 1 | 1.33 (0.50, 3.54), 0.568 | – | |
| > 25 | 6 | 1.52 (1.07, 2.15), 0.021 | 84.7, < 0.001 | |
| Not report | 5 | 1.07 (0.79, 1.45), 0.661 | 77.8, 0.001 | |
| Dietary assessment method | 0.115 | |||
| FFQ | 10 | 1.38 (1.10, 1.72), 0.005 | 82.6, < 0.001 | |
| Questions | 2 | 0.64 (0.37, 1.11), 0.115 | 0.0, 0.428 | |
| Dietary assessment period | 0.039 | |||
| Pre-pregnancy | 0 | – | – | |
| Early pregnancy | 7 | 1.08 (0.84, 1.40), 0.549 | 67.1, 0.006 | |
| Mid-pregnancy | 3 | 1.23 (1.05, 1.43), 0.009 | 38.8, 0.195 | |
| Not report | 2 | 3.11 (0.74, 13.00), 0.025 | 81.6, 0.020 | |
| Adjustments | ||||
| Body mass index | 0.712 | |||
| Yes | 11 | 1.30 (1.04, 1.63), 0.023 | 82.5, < 0.001 | |
| No | 1 | 1.02 (0.52, 1.99), 0.954 | – | |
| Smoking status | 0.441 | |||
| Yes | 4 | 1.11 (0.88, 1.40), 0.362 | 74.5, 0.008 | |
| No | 8 | 1.43 (0.97, 2.12), 0.070 | 83.2, 0.001 | |
| Physical activity | 0.017 | |||
| Yes | 5 | 2.08 (1.15, 3.75), 0.015 | 82.5, < 0.001 | |
| No | 7 | 1.05 (0.89, 1.23), 0.577 | 59.0, 0.023 | |
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| Yes | 0 | – | – | |
| No | 12 | 1.28 (1.03, 1.59), 0.025 | 80.0, < 0.001 | |
| Energy intake | 0.919 | |||
| Yes | 5 | 1.26 (0.98, 1.62), 0.710 | 77.4, 0.001 | |
| No | 7 | 1.27 (0.83, 1.95), 0.277 | 84.5, < 0.001 | |
1Calculated by Random-effects model
FFQ Food Frequency Questionnaire, BMI Body mass index