Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Overall (N=413) |
|
| Age (years), mean±SD | 32±4 |
| 18–24, n (%) | 17 (4) |
| 25–34, n (%) | 282 (68) |
| 35–45, n (%) | 114 (28) |
| Range | 19–42 |
| Race*, n (%) | |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 2 (<1) |
| Asian | 19 (5) |
| Black/African American | 36 (9) |
| White | 323 (78) |
| Multiple | 17 (4) |
| Unknown or not reported | 16 (4) |
| Ethnicity†, n (%) | |
| Hispanic | 29 (7) |
| Not Hispanic | 379 (92) |
| Unknown or not reported | 5 (1) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean±SD | 25.3±5.0 |
| Underweight (<18.5), n (%) | 10 (2) |
| Normal (18.5–<25.0), n (%) | 241 (58) |
| Overweight (25.0–<30), n (%) | 94 (23) |
| Obese (≥30), n (%) | 68 (16) |
| HbA1c (% (mmol/mol)) prior to 20 weeks’ gestation, mean±SD | 5.1±0.2 (32±2.2) |
| 4.2–4.9 (22–30), n (%) | 99 (24) |
| 5.0–5.4 (31–36), n (%) | 272 (66) |
| 5.5–5.6 (37–38), n (%) | 42 (10) |
| Range | 4.2–5.6 (22–38) |
| Gravida, median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) |
| 1, n (%) | 137 (33) |
| 2, n (%) | 128 (31) |
| 3, n (%) | 76 (18) |
| 4, n (%) | 38 (9) |
| ≥5, n (%) | 34 (8) |
| Parity, median (IQR) | 1 (0–1) |
| 0, n (%) | 192 (46) |
| 1, n (%) | 160 (39) |
| 2, n (%) | 51 (12) |
| ≥3, n (%) | 10 (2) |
| Gestational age at study enrollment (weeks), mean±SD | 14±2 |
| 1st trimester, n (%) | 252 (61) |
| 2nd trimester, n (%) | 161 (39) |
*Race information was solicited from the participant in response to the following question: ‘Which of the following racial designations best describes you?’. The race categories (number of participants) of the 17 participants who self-reported as multiracial are as follows: black and white (4), Asian and white (3), American Indian/Alaskan Native and white (2), Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander and white (2), American Indian/Alaskan Native and Asian and black and white (1), white and unspecified (1), unspecified (4).
†Hispanic ethnicity information was solicited in response to the following question: ‘Do you consider yourself to be Hispanic/Latino or not Hispanic/Latino?’. The ‘not Hispanic’ category includes one participant who self-reported as Jewish in the free response section after participant indicated they identified with more than one race.
HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.