Table 2.
Summary of confirmatory factor analysis for each factor in the research model.
| Factor | Item | Model parameter estimates | Convergent validity | Goodness-of-fit indexes | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UFL | S.E. | t | P | SFL | SMC | C.R. | AVE | χ2 | DF | χ2/df | GFI | AGFI | RMSEA | ||
| Enjoyment (α = 0.726) |
Q14a_1 | 1.000 | 0.502 | 0.252 | 0.740 | 0.426 | 0.257 | 2 | 0.129 | 0.999 | 0.997 | 0.000 | |||
| Q14a_2 | 1.323 | 0.243 | 5.447 | *** | 0.515 | 0.265 | |||||||||
| Q14a_3 | 2.687 | 0.418 | 6.432 | *** | 0.820 | 0.672 | |||||||||
| Q14a_5 | 2.615 | 0.406 | 6.440 | *** | 0.718 | 0.516 | |||||||||
| Mastery (α = 0.687) |
Q14b_2 | 1.000 | 0.584 | 0.341 | 0.695 | 0.434 | 0.000 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |||
| Q14b_3 | 1.526 | 0.252 | 6.044 | *** | 0.660 | 0.436 | |||||||||
| Q14b_4 | 1.637 | 0.279 | 5.871 | *** | 0.725 | 0.526 | |||||||||
| Physical condition (α = 0.752) |
Q14d_1 | 1.000 | 0.821 | 0.674 | 0.789 | 0.560 | 0.000 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |||
| Q14d_2 | 1.328 | 0.151 | 8.805 | *** | 0.815 | 0.664 | |||||||||
| Q14d_5 | 1.122 | 0.143 | 7.867 | *** | 0.584 | 0.341 | |||||||||
| Psychological condition (α = 0.854) |
Q14g_1 | 1.000 | 0.659 | 0.434 | 0.858 | 0.605 | 0.184 | 2 | 0.092 | 1.000 | 0.998 | 0.000 | |||
| Q14g_2 | 1.445 | 0.146 | 9.925 | *** | 0.785 | 0.616 | |||||||||
| Q14g_3 | 1.584 | 0.164 | 9.670 | *** | 0.759 | 0.576 | |||||||||
| Q14g_4 | 1.725 | 0.162 | 10.616 | *** | 0.891 | 0.794 | |||||||||
| Appearance (α = 0.896) |
Q14f_1 | 1.000 | 0.797 | 0.635 | 0.896 | 0.684 | 1.024 | 2 | 0.512 | 0.998 | 0.989 | 0.000 | |||
| Q14f_2 | 1.121 | 0.080 | 14.021 | *** | 0.857 | 0.734 | |||||||||
| Q14f_4 | 1.129 | 0.086 | 13.110 | *** | 0.809 | 0.654 | |||||||||
| Q14f_5 | 1.173 | 0.085 | 13.789 | *** | 0.844 | 0.712 | |||||||||
| Affiliation (α = 0.834) |
Q14c_2 | 1.000 | 0.656 | 0.430 | 0.836 | 0.563 | 4.058 | 2 | 2.029 | 0.991 | 0.955 | 0.068 | |||
| Q14c_3 | 1.304 | 0.136 | 9.613 | *** | 0.801 | 0.642 | |||||||||
| Q14c_4 | 1.234 | 0.141 | 8.743 | *** | 0.700 | 0.490 | |||||||||
| Q14c_5 | 1.300 | 0.133 | 9.773 | *** | 0.831 | 0.691 | |||||||||
| Competition/Ego (α = 0.832) |
Q14e_1 | 1.000 | 0.518 | 0.268 | 0.837 | 0.570 | 0.629 | 2 | 0.315 | 0.999 | 0.993 | 0.000 | |||
| Q14e_3 | 1.813 | 0.240 | 7.563 | *** | 0.802 | 0.643 | |||||||||
| Q14e_4 | 1.830 | 0.241 | 7.595 | *** | 0.811 | 0.658 | |||||||||
| Q14e_5 | 1.949 | 0.253 | 7.690 | *** | 0.843 | 0.711 | |||||||||
| Others’ expectations (α = 0.787) |
Q14h_2 | 1.000 | 0.652 | 0.425 | 0.793 | 0.565 | 0.000 | 0 | – | – | – | – | |||
| Q14h_4 | 1.305 | 0.157 | 8.301 | *** | 0.868 | 0.753 | |||||||||
| Q14h_5 | 1.093 | 0.127 | 8.594 | *** | 0.718 | 0.516 | |||||||||
| Sense of Belonging (α = 0.902) |
Q13_2 | 1.000 | 0.771 | 0.594 | 0.906 | 0.619 | 16.381 | 9 | 1.820 | 0.976 | 0.944 | 0.060 | |||
| Q13_4 | 1.152 | 0.098 | 11.793 | *** | 0.752 | 0.566 | |||||||||
| Q13_5 | 1.221 | 0.085 | 14.407 | *** | 0.892 | 0.796 | |||||||||
| Q13_6 | 0.816 | 0.067 | 12.191 | *** | 0.774 | 0.599 | |||||||||
| Q13_7 | 0.806 | 0.077 | 10.481 | *** | 0.680 | 0.462 | |||||||||
| Q13_11 | 1.007 | 0.075 | 13.355 | *** | 0.835 | 0.697 | |||||||||
| PiPCMAs (α = 0.733) |
Q8_2 | 1.000 | 0.593 | 0.352 | 0.743 | 0.429 | 0.040 | 2 | 0.020 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | |||
| Q8_3 | 1.106 | 0.156 | 7.108 | *** | 0.645 | 0.416 | |||||||||
| Q8_4 | 1.699 | 0.232 | 7.309 | *** | 0.839 | 0.704 | |||||||||
| Q8_5 | 0.961 | 0.164 | 5.865 | *** | 0.493 | 0.243 | |||||||||
UFL, Unstandardized Factor Loadings; S.E., Standard Error; SFL, Standardized Factor Loadings; SMC, Squared Multiple Correlations; C.R., Composite Reliability; AVE, Average Variance Extracted; df, Degrees of Freedom; GFI, Goodness of Fit Index; AGFI, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index; RMSEA, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; PiPCMA, Persistence in Practicing Chinese Martial Arts; *** p < 0.001.