Table 2.

Details of patients with anti-DPPX encephalitis.

Patient number	Patient 1	Patient 2	Patient 3	Patient 4	Patient 5	Patient 6	Patient 7	Patient 8	Patient 9	Patient 10	Patient 11	Patient 12	Patient 13	Patient 14
Sex	Female	Female	Male	Male	Male	Male	Female	Male	Female	Female	Male	Male	Male	Male
Age (years)	11	60	62	54	58	51	62	39	38	22	30	72	36	48
Onset pattern	Acute	Acute	Chronic	Acute	Acute	Acute	Acute	Chronic	Chronic	Acute	Subacute	Acute	Chronic	Chronic
Initial symptoms	Fever, hallucinations, dizziness, headache.	Cognitive impairment	Ataxia, dizziness	Gastrointestinal symptoms	Epilepsy, cognitive impairment	Gastrointestinal symptoms	Fever	Auditory hallucinations	Ataxia, dizziness	Epilepsy	Gastrointestinal symptoms	Gastrointestinal symptoms	Gastrointestinal symptoms	Dizziness, ataxia
Primary symptoms	Psychiatric and behavioral abnormalities	Cognitive impairment, limb convulsions	Cerebellar ataxia	Ataxia, nystagmus	Epilepsy, cognitive impairment	Psychiatric and behavioral abnormalities, nausea, vomiting	Cognitive impairment	Psychiatric and behavioral abnormalities, cognitive impairment, auditory and visual hallucinations	Sleep disturbance, dizziness, weight loss, myodystony	consciousness disorder, epilepsy	Psychiatric and behavioral abnormalities, delirium, myoclonus, hallucinations, cognitive impairment, weight loss, diarrhea	Cognitive impairment, psychiatric and behavioral abnormalities, sleep disorders, hallucinations, abdominal pain, diarrhea	Memory decline, bulbar syndrome, myoclonus, diarrhea	Ataxia, nystagmus, weakness in the lower limbs, dizziness
Neoplasms, infections, and immune-related factors	Upper respiratory tract infection	Breast cancer	(−)	(−)	(−)	(−)	Upper respiratory tract infection	(−)	HSV-1	(−)	Ankylosing spondylitis Rheumatoid arthritis Inflammatory bowel disease	Upper respiratory tract infection	(−)	(−)
CSF testing	Normal	Protein: 91.8 mg/dL	Protein: 57 mg/dL	Normal	Chloride: 133 mmol/L, OCB(+), IgG index:0.94	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Glucose: 5.00 mmol/L,OCB(+), IgG index: 0.86	Normal	Chloride: 139 mmol/L
DPPX antibodies in serum	1:100	1:32	1:100	1:10	1:320	NA	1:100	NA	1:320	1:100	(−)	1:100	1:100	1:32
DPPX antibodies in CSF	(−)	(−)	1:10	(−)	1:100	1:10	(−)	1:1	1:32	(−)	1:32	1:32	(−)	1:1
Other positive autoimmune antibodies	(−)	(−)	(−)	(−)	(−)	(−)	(−)	(−)	(−)	(−)	Anti-CASPR2 antibody, 1:10 in CSF	(−)	Anti-NMDAR antibody, 1:32 in serum	(−)
MRI	Normal	Abnormal swelling and enhancement signals in the cortical areas of the left temporal lobe and parieto-occipital lobe.	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Bilateral frontal and parietal white matter, bilateral basal ganglia: Multiple small hyperintense lesions	Normal	Cerebellar atrophy	Hippocampal swelling	Normal	Mild atrophy of the left hippocampus	Normal	Cerebellar atrophy

CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.