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Schematic design of gene correlation and causal relationship between varicose veins and HF. Three key assumptions of the MR study. (A) SNPs are strongly associated with varicose veins; (B) SNPs are independent of confounders; (C) SNPs must only affect HF via varicose veins. HF = heart failure, LDSC = linkage disequilibrium score, MR = Mendelian randomization, SNP = single-nucleotide polymorphism, TSMR = two-simple MR.
