Table 2. Baseline characteristics of included studies.
| Authors | Country | WHO region | World Bank income group | Study design | Target population | Critical Appraisal of evidence | Integration Dyad |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achanta et al, 2013 [19] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Cross Sectional-Prevalence study | Tuberculosis patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Anand et al, 2018 [20] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Analytical Cross Sectional Study | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Arini, Sugiyo, and Permana 2022 [21] | Indonesia | South-east Asia | Lower middle-income | Descriptive qualitative | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Asante-Poku et al, 2019 [22] | Ghana | African region | Lower middle-income | Analytical Cross Sectional | Tuberculosis patents | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Basir et al, 2019 [23] | Pakistan | Mediterranean region | Lower middle-income | Cross Sectional-Prevalence study | Tuberculosis and /or Diabetes patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Berkowitz et al, 2018 [24] | South Africa | African region | Upper middle-income | Analytical Cross Sectional | Diabetes patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Brey et al, 2020 [25] | South Africa | African region | Upper middle-income | Text and opinion | TB and/or Diabetes -Chronic disease (HIV, TB, Diabetes, Asthma, COPD, hypertension) | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Caceres Calderon, & Ugarte-Gil, 2022 [26] | Global | Global | Global | Review | Tuberculosis patients | Low | TB and Diabetes |
| Chachra et al, 2014 [27] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Cross Sectional-Prevalence study | Tuberculosis patents | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Chamba et al, 2022 [28] | Tanzania | African Region | Lower-middle income | Qualitative study | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Chamie et al, 2012 [29] | Uganda | African region | Low income | Analytical Cross Sectional | TB and/or Diabetes and other disease (HIV, Malaria, Hypertension) | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Contreras et al, 2017 [30] | Peru | Region of the Americas | Upper middle-income | Cross Sectional-Prevalence study | Tuberculosis patents | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Foo et al, 2022 [31] | Global | Global | Lower middle-income | Systematic review | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Deepak et al, 2018 [32] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Analytical Cross Sectional | Tuberculosis patents | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Ekeke et al, 2020 [33] | Nigeria | African region | Lower middle-income | Cross Sectional-Prevalence study | Diabetes patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Faurholt-Jepsen et al, 2012 [34] | Tanzania | African region | Lower middle-income | Prospective cohort | Tuberculosis patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Gnanasan et al, 2011 [35] | Malaysia | Western Pacific region | Upper middle-income | Prospective cohort | Tuberculosis and Diabetes patents | Low | TB and Diabetes |
| Habib et al, 2020 [36] | Pakistan | Mediterranean region | Lower middle-income | Cross Sectional-Diagnostic test accuracy | Tuberculosis and Diabetes patients | Low | TB and Diabetes |
| Huangfu et al, 2019 [37] | Indonesia, Peru, South Africa | South-east Asia region, Region of the Americas, African region | Upper middle-income | Analytical Cross Sectional | Tuberculosis patients |
High |
TB and Diabetes |
| Jerene et al, 2017 [38] | Ethiopia | African region | Low income | Analytical Cross Sectional | Tuberculosis and/or Diabetes, HIV | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Jiang et al, 2022 [39] | Indonesia | South-east Asia | Lower middle-income | Cross-sectional study | Tuberculosis and/or Diabetes patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Joshi et al, 2022 [40] | India | South-east Asia | Lower middle-income | Cluster randomized controlled trial with mixed methods evaluation. | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Khanna et al, 2013 [41] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Retrospective cohort study | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Kornfeld et al, 2016 [42] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Prospective cohort | Tuberculosis patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Koya et al, 2022 [43] | India | South-east Asia | Lower-middle income | Exploratory in-depth interviews and focus group discussions | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Kumpatla et al, 2013 [44] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Cross Sectional-Prevalence study | Diabetes patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Li et al, 2012 [45] | China | Western Pacific region | Upper middle-income | Analytical Cross Sectional | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Mishra et al, 2020 [46] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Prospective cohort | Tuberculosis and Diabetes patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Mnyambwa et al, 2021 [47] | Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda | African Region | Lower middle-income, lower middle-income, and low-income (respectively) | Retrospective study | Tuberculosis and/or Diabetes patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Mohammed et al, 2021 [48] | Ethiopia | African Region | Low-income | Facility-based study | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Mukhtar et al, 2017 [49] | Pakistan | Mediterranean region | Lower middle-income | Prospective cohort | Tuberculosis patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Mukhtar et al, 2018 [50] | Pakistan | Mediterranean region | Lower middle-income | Prospective cohort | Tuberculosis patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Munseri et al, 2019 [51] | Tanzania | African region | Lower middle-income | Analytical Cross Sectional | Tuberculosis patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Naik et al, 2013 [52] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Cross Sectional-Prevalence study | Tuberculosis patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Nair et al, 2013 [53] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Analytical Cross Sectional | Tuberculosis and/ or Diabetes patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Ncube et al, 2019 [54] | Zimbabwe | African region | Lower middle-income | Cross Sectional-Prevalence study | Tuberculosis patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Nimkar et al, 2020 [55] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Cross Sectional-Prevalence study | Diabetes patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Nyirenda et al, 2022 [56] | Malawi | African Region | Low-income | Retrospective chart review analysis | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Nyirenda et al, 2023 [57] | Zimbabwe, Angola, Mexico, India, Uganda, Indonesia, and China | Global | Lower middle-income | Qualitative study | Tuberculosis and/or Diabetes patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Prakash et al, 2013 [58] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Cross Sectional-Prevalence study | Tuberculosis and/ or Diabetes patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Rekha et al, 2007 [59] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Retrospective cohort | Tuberculosis and/ or Diabetes patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Restrepo et al, 2011 [60] | Mexico | Region of the Americas | Upper middle-income | Analytical Cross Sectional | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Rohwer et al, 2021 [61] | Global | Global | Global | Systematic review | Tuberculosis patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Salifu & Hlongwana, 2021 [62] | Ghana | African Region | Lower-middle income | Exploratory qualitative study | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Salifu & Hlongwana, 2021 [63] | Ghana | African Region | Lower-middle income | Grounded theory design study | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Salifu & Holongwa 2021 [64] | Global | Global | Upper middle-income, lower middle-income, and low-income | Scoping review | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Sarker et al, 2016 [65] | Bangladesh | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Analytical Cross Sectional | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Sarvamangala et al, 2014 [66] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Cross Sectional-Prevalence study | Tuberculosis patients | Low | TB and Diabetes |
| Segafredo et al, 2019 [67] | Angola | African region | Lower middle-income | Analytical Cross Sectional | Tuberculosis patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Shayo et al, 2019 [68] | Tanzania | African region | Lower middle-income | Cross Sectional-Prevalence study | Diabetes clinics | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Shayo & Shayo, 2021 [69] | Tanzania | African Region | Lower-middle income | Secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional survey | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Sinha et al, 2018 [70] | South Africa | African region | Upper middle-income | Analytical Cross Sectional | Tuberculosis and/ or Diabetes patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Ugoeze et al, 2020 [71] | Nigeria | African region | Lower middle-income | Analytical Cross Sectional | Tuberculosis patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Xiao et al, 2021 [72] | China | Western Pacific Region | Upper middle-income | Retrospective study | Tuberculosis and/or Diabetes patients | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Zayar et al, 2022 [73] | Myanmar | South-east Asia | Lower-middle income | Cross-sectional study | Tuberculosis patients | High | TB and Diabetes |
| Zhang et al, 2015 [74] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Analytical Cross Sectional | Diabetes, Tuberculosis suspects and contacts | Moderate | TB and Diabetes |
| Abete et al, 2021 [75] | Global | Global | Global | Text and opinion | Diabetes | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Anjana et al, 2020 [76] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower-middle income | Analytical cross sectional | Type 2 diabetes | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Ascencio-Montiel et al, 2022 [77] | Mexico | Regions of the Americas | Upper middle-income | Cross sectional | Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Atef, Gaber, & Zarif, 2022 [78] | Egypt | Eastern Mediterranean Region | Lower-middle income | Text and opinion | Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Brey et al, 2020 [25] | South Africa | African region | Upper-middle income | Text and opinion | Diabetes, Hypertension | High | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Calvert et al, 2022 [79] | South Africa | African Region | Upper middle-income | Analytical cross sectional | Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Catic et al, 2020 [80] | Bosnia and Herzegovina | European region | Upper-middle income | Analytical cross sectional | Diabetes | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Chen & Cheng 2022 [81] | Global | Global | Lower-middle income | Text and opinion | Diabetes | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Cheng et al, 2020 [82] | China | Western Pacific region | Upper-middle income | Text and opinion | Cardiovascular disease | High | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Co et al, 2020 [83] | Philippines | Western Pacific region | Lower-middle income | Text and opinion | Stroke | High | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Concepcin Zavaleta et al, 2020 [84] | Peru | Region of the Americas | Upper-middle income | Descriptive case report | Type 2 diabetes | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Da Silva Aquino et al, 2022 [85] | Brazil | Regions of the Americas | Upper middle-income | Quasi-experiment study | Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| David et al, 2022 [86] | South Africa | African Region | Upper middle-income | Qualitative study | Diabetes | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Di Tommaso, 2020 [87] | Argentina | Region of the Americas | Upper-middle income | Analytical cross sectional | Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Ding et al, 2020 [88] | China | Western Pacific region | Upper-middle income | Analytical cross sectional | Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Farooqi et al, 2021 [89] | Pakistan | Eastern Mediterranean Region | Lower-middle income | Text and opinion | Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Gaspar et al, 2021 [90] | Brazil | Regions of the Americas | Upper middle-income | Analytical cross sectional | Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Ghosh et al, 2020 [91] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower-middle income | Analytical cross sectional | Type 2 diabetes | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Girija et al, 2022 [92] | India | South-east Asia | Lower-middle income | Retrospective case series | Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Gona et al, 2020 [93] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower-middle income | Analytical cross sectional | Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Harindhanavudhi et al, 2022 [94] | Thailand | South-east Asia | Upper middle-income | Analytical cross sectional | Diabetes | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Joshi et al, 2020 [95] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower-middle income | Analytical cross sectional | Type 2 diabetes | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Kamvura et al, 2021 [96] | Zimbabwe | African Region | Lower-middle income | Qualitative study | Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Kolesnyk et al, 2021 [97] | Ukraine | European Region | Lower-middle income | Focus group discussions | Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Krisiunas et al, 2020 [98] | Rwanda | African region | Low income | Text and opinion | Type 2 diabetes | High | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Kyazze et al, 2021 [99] | Africa | African Region | Lower-middle income | Literature review | Diabetes | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| León-Vargas, 2021 [100] | Colombia | Region of the Americas | Upper middle-income | Quasi-experimental study | Diabetes | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Li et al, 2020 [101] | China | Western Pacific region | Upper-middle income | Analytical cross sectional | Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Liu et al, 2020 [102] | China | Western Pacific region | Upper-middle income | Text and opinion | Diabetes | High | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Mishra et al, 2021 [46] | India | South-east Asia | Lower middle-income | Case report | Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease | High | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Mistry et al, 2021 [103] | Bangladesh | South-east Asia | Lower-middle income | Analytical cross sectional | Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Mohan et al, 2022 [104] | India | South-east Asia | Lower middle-income | Quasi-experimental study | Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Nan et al, 2020 [105] | China | Western Pacific region | Upper-middle income | Quasi-experimental study | Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Nanditha et al, 2021 [106] | India | South-east Asia | Lower middle-income | Text and opinion | Diabetes | High | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Okpara & Oghagbon, 2021 [107] | Africa | African Region | Lower-middle income | Text and opinion | Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Olickal et al, 2020 [108] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower-middle income | Analytical cross sectional | Diabetes | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Owopetu et al, 2021 [109] | Sub-Saharan Africa | African Region | Lower-middle income | Text and opinion | Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Pandian et al, 2021 [110] | Asia | South-east Asia | Lower-middle income | Text and opinion | Cardiovascular disease | High | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Queiroz et al, 2020 [111] | Brazil | Region of the Americas | Upper-middle income | Analytical cross sectional | Type 2 diabetes | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Ratnayake et al, 2022 [112] | Jordan | Eastern Mediterranean Region | Upper middle-income | Cohort study | Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Sodipo et al, 2021 [113] | Nigeria | African Region | Lower middle-income | Analytical cross sectional | Diabetes | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Tong et al, 2022 [114] | China | Western Pacific Region | Upper middle-income | Analytical cross sectional | Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Tran et al, 2021 [115] | Kenya | African Region | Lower-middle income | Text and opinion | Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Wang et al, 2021 [116] | China | Western Pacific Region | Upper middle-income | Quasi-experiment study | Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease | High | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Zafra-Tanaka et al, 2022 [117] | Peru | African Region | Upper middle-income | Qualitative study | Stroke | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Zhao et al, 2020 [118] | Global | Global | Global | Analytical cross sectional | Stroke | Moderate | COVID-19, Diabetes, Obesity, and CVD |
| Arini et al, 2022 [21] | Indonesia | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Qualitative study | Diabetes, Tuberculosis | Moderate | COVID-19, Tuberculosis, and Diabetes |
| Brault et al, 2021 [119] | Sub-Saharan Africa | African region | Multi-income | Text and Opinion | Diabetes, Tuberculosis | High | COVID-19, Tuberculosis, and Diabetes |
| Caceres, Calederon, Ugarte, 2022 [26] | Global | Global | Multi-income | Text and Opinion | Diabetes, Tuberculosis | Low | COVID-19, Tuberculosis, and Diabetes |
| Kavenga et al., 2021 [120] | Zimbabwe | African region | Low income | Analytical Cross sectional | Diabetes, Tuberculosis | Moderate | COVID-19, Tuberculosis, and Diabetes |
| Loveday et al, 2020 [121] | Global | Global | Multi-income | Text and Opinion | Diabetes, Tuberculosis | Moderate | COVID-19, Tuberculosis, and Diabetes |
| Nesan et al, 2021 [122] | India | South-east Asia region | Lower middle-income | Quasi-experimental study | Diabetes, Tuberculosis | Moderate | COVID-19, Tuberculosis, and Diabetes |
| Njau et al, 2022 [123] | Kenya | African region | Lower middle-income | Analytical Cross sectional | Diabetes, Tuberculosis | Moderate | COVID-19, Tuberculosis, and Diabetes |
| Visca et al, 2021 [124] | Global; Sierra Leone | Global | Low income | Text and Opinion | Diabetes, Tuberculosis | Moderate | COVID-19, Tuberculosis, and Diabetes |
| Williams et al, 2022 [125] | Eswatini | African region | Lower middle-income | Qualitative study | Diabetes, Tuberculosis | Moderate | COVID-19, Tuberculosis, and Diabetes |