Table 4. Factors associated with quality of death.

QODD, Quality of dying and death questionnaire; ICU - QODD, ICU version Quality of dying and death questionnaire; QODD-1, Single item rating of the overall quality of dying and death; euroQ2, European Quality Questionnaire; FS - ICU, Family Satisfaction with the Intensive care unit; BFS, Brief Fatigue Inventory; β, Standardized Estimate; B, Parameter Estimate

Authors, Year	Instrument Used	Associations With Overall quality of dying and death
		Positive	Negative or Neutral
Long AC, et al., 2014 [14]	QODD - 1		Patients admitted to the ICU from hospital wards. QODD-1 Ratings average Ward: 6.5 vs ED: 7.3 (P = 0.006, 95% CI: - 1.41, - 0.24)
Lee JJ, et al., 2016 [39]	QODD - 1	Path analysis of factors influencing of the quality of dying and death: 1) Death in the absence of full support (β = - 0.812, P < 0.001) 2) Older patients (irrespective of their living will and life-support status) (β = 0.016, P < 0.01)	Minority family members QODD-1 Ratings average Minority: 7.1 ± 3.0 vs Nonminority: 6.1 ± 3.6 (P < 0.001)
Rolnick JA, et al., 2020 [20]	BFS	For patients receiving mixed care, increased time in the ICU was associated with higher adjusted family ratings of care.	Mixed care with death in the ICU
Wen FH, et al., 2023 [7]	QODD - 1 FS-ICU	Patients in the high QODD class had optimal physical symptom control, moderate-sufficient emotional preparedness for death and few Life-sustaining treatments received.	Bereaved surrogates in the worst QODD class scored lowest in the FS - ICU Care and FS - ICU Decision- Making subscales.
Mularski RA,, et al., 2004 [16]	ICU - QODD	Multivariate Model Exploring Associations to QODD Rating Score: 1) Feeling at peace with dying (B = 3.84, SE = 0.69, 95% CI = 2.49, 5.19, P < 0.0001) 2) Pain under control (B = 3.82, SE = 0.88, 95% CI = 2.09, 5.56, P < 0.0001) 3) Control of events (B = 2.17, SE = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.60, 3.73, P = 0.0066) 4) Keep dignity/self-respect (B = 2.02, SE = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.69, 3.34, P = 0.0028)
Glavan BJ, et al., 2004 [38]	QODD QODD - 1	Patient age: Increasing age, Patient sex: Male Significant independent predictors of high scores on the QODD - 22 were: 1) Family presence at time of death 2) Documentation of the patient's desire to be weaned off life support at a family meeting 3) Documentation of pain assessment 4) no cardiopulmonary resuscitation at the end of life
Lewis-Newby M, et al., 2011 [36]	QODD QODD - 1	Patient age: Increasing age (Age group: Age < 35, Age 35 - 64, Age ≧ 65) QODD (median, IQR): 57.6 (50.8 － 78.8), 65.6 (45.2 － 82.7), 72.9 (54.8 － 89.5) QODD - 1 (median, IQR): 8 (5 － 9), 8 (5 － 9.75), 9 (7 － 10)
Osborn TR, et al., 2012 [40]	QODD - 1	Associations Between FS - ICU Items and QODD - 1 Score 1) support of family as decision-maker (β = 0.10, t = 2.20, P = 0.03) 2) family control over patient’s care (β = 0.18, t = 3.91, P < 0.01) 3) ICU atmosphere (β = 0.12, t = 2.22, P = 0.03)
Khandelwal N, et al., 2014 [28]	QODD - 1 FS-ICU	For underinsured patients, we found strong evidence of a positive association between the family-assessed QODD - 1 and average daily ICU costs (β = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.4, 2.3, P = 0.01).
Jensen HI, et al., 2015 [30]	euroQ2	The euroQODD was significantly correlated with the euroFS - ICU (r = 0.54, P = 0.003).
Choi Y, et al., 2019 [32]	QODD	Transferred out of the ICU, died in a general ward bed. (vs died in the ICU: median, 64.5 vs 45.0, P = 0.095).