Table 2.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Cardiogenic Shock Who Died During the Index Hospitalization (n = 337)
| Clinical Characteristics | No. (%) or Median (Q1-Q3) |
|---|---|
| Demographics | |
| Age, years | 70 (62–78) |
| Female sex | 116 (34.4%) |
| Race | |
| White | 174 (66.7%) |
| Black | 59 (22.6%) |
| Other | 28 (10.7%) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28 (24–33) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Current smoker | 53 (15.7%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 143 (42.4%) |
| Coronary artery disease | 140 (41.5%) |
| Prior heart failure | 145 (43.0%) |
| Historical LVEF | |
| ≥50% | 33 (22.9%) |
| 40 to <50% | 13 (9.0%) |
| <40% | 90 (62.1%) |
| Unknown | 9 (6.2%) |
| Active cancer | 30 (8.9%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 119 (35.3%) |
| On chronic RRT | 31 (26.1%) |
| Significant pulmonary disease | 49 (14.5%) |
| Significant liver disease | 12 (3.6%) |
| Shock Characteristics | |
| Etiology | |
| AMI-CS | 120 (35.6%) |
| HF-CS | 170 (50.4%) |
| Secondary CS* | 47 (13.9%) |
| Presenting LVEF | |
| ≥50% | 45 (13.4%) |
| 40% to <50% | 23 (6.8%) |
| <40% | 219 (65.0%) |
| Unknown | 50 (14.8%) |
| Preceding cardiac arrest | 111 (32.9%) |
| Illness severity | |
| SOFA score | 9 (6-12) |
| SCAI shock classification | |
| B | 18 (5.4%) |
| C | 130 (38.7%) |
| D | 125 (37.2%) |
| E | 63 (18.8%) |
| Shock management | |
| Vasoactive medications, maximum number | 2 (2–3) |
| Temporary MCS | 132 (39.2%) |
| IABP | 84 (24.9%) |
| Impella (CP, 5.0, 5.5, RP) | 45 (13.4%) |
| TandemHeart | 7 (2.1%) |
| VA-ECMO | 21 (6.2%) |
| Surgical (nondurable) VAD | 3 (0.9%) |
| Other critical care interventions | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 226 (67.1%) |
| Acute RRT | 78 (23.1%) |
| Care transitions | |
| Transitioned to CMO before death | 226 (67.1%) |
Categorical variables are shown as counts and percentages, and continuous variables as medians with 25th–75th percentile ranges.
Secondary CS refers to nonmyocardial CS.
AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CS, cardiogenic shock; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MCS, mechanical circulatory support; RRT, renal replacement therapy; SCAI, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; VA-ECMO, venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; VAD, ventricular assist device; VIS, vasoactive-inotropic score.