Table 1. Characteristics of the patients.
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (%). ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; JVP: jugular venous pressure; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; 5-STS: five-repetition sit-to-stand test. *P <0.05, **p <0.01 versus patients without a high JVP at rest; #p <0.05, ##p <0.01 versus patients without a high JVP with inspiration; †p <0.01 versus patients without a high JVP after 5-STS; ‡p <0.05 versus patients without a high JVP during squatting.
| All patients (n=79) | High JVP | ||||
| Rest (n=12) | Inspiration (n=33) | 5-STS (n=26) | Squatting (n=40) | ||
| Age, years | 71.7±11 | 74.2±9.1 | 75.4±9.2 | 75.6±8.1 | 73.7±9.0 |
| Male | 53 (67%) | 7 (58%) | 21 (64%) | 16 (62%) | 27 (68%) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.4±3.7 | 20.4±3.8 | 21.5±3.5 | 21.4±3.5 | 22.0±3.9 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 41 (52%) | 8 (67%) | 22 (67%) | 14 (54%) | 22 (55%) |
| Diabetes | 28 (35%) | 3 (25%) | 15 (45%) | 12 (46%) | 14 (35%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 33 (42%) | 6 (50%) | 16 (48%) | 12 (46%) | 16 (40%) |
| Ischemic heart diseases | 24 (30%) | 3 (25%) | 9 (27%) | 8 (31%) | 11 (28%) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 34 (43%) | 9 (75%)* | 22 (67%)## | 15 (58%) | 23 (58%)‡ |
| Pacing device implantation | 10 (13%) | 1 (8%) | 3 (9%) | 4 (15%) | 6 (15%) |
| Medications | |||||
| Beta-blockers | 44 (56%) | 8 (67%) | 18 (55%) | 19 (73%) | 23 (58%) |
| ACE inhibitors/ARBs | 52 (66%) | 7 (58%) | 19 (58%) | 17 (65%) | 27 (68%) |
| MRAs | 21 (27%) | 2 (17%) | 8 (24%) | 8 (31%) | 13 (33%) |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 26 (33%) | 3 (25%) | 12 (36%) | 9 (35%) | 16 (40%) |
| ARNI | 11 (14%) | 2 (17%) | 4 (12%) | 5 (19%) | 8 (20%) |
| Diuretics | 50 (63%) | 6 (50%) | 21 (64%) | 12 (46%) | 23 (58%) |
| Laboratory data | |||||
| BNP, pg/mL | 189±236 | 271±211 | 187±157 | 221±180 | 203±195 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.5±2.0 | 13.2±2.2 | 13.2±2.5 | 13.3±2.2 | 13.4±2.2 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.0±0.5 | 3.8±0.4 | 3.9±0.4 | 3.9±0.5 | 3.9±0.5 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 53.3±16.9 | 49.2±22.4 | 51.5±19.9 | 49.3±19.4 | 53.0±18.5 |
| Echocardiographic findings | |||||
| LV ejection fraction, % | 51.7±15.7 | 54.8±15.7 | 54.7±15.0 | 49.5±16.2 | 51.2±17.5 |
| LV end-diastolic diameter, mm | 49.7±9.5 | 46.8±11.1 | 48.2±9.7 | 49.5±10.7 | 50.0±10.1 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 109±27 | 119±29 | 111±32 | 111±27 | 111±28 |
| Left atrial volume index, ml/m2 | 60.8±39.7 | 93.9±77.9 | 75.8±53.4# | 75.4±58.3 | 71.5±50.7‡ |
| Inferior vena cava | |||||
| Maximum diameter, mm | 15.1±4.9 | 19.5±5.4** | 17.4±4.5# | 17.2±4.9† | 16.6±4.4‡ |
| Minimum diameter, mm | 8.3±4.1 | 11.2±5.9 | 10.1±4.9# | 9.9±5.3† | 9.6±4.1‡ |