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. 2024 May 16;15:4139. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47793-5

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Venn diagram showing the subset of genes independently associated with progression-free survival in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma (UAMS TT2/3, n = 559, GSE24080). The consensus of forward and backward feature selection in proportional hazards regression models identified 10 genes that were selected for further study based on their independent prognostic significance. b Heatmap showing the direction and effect sizes for the 10 genes independently associated with progression-free survival in UAMS TT2/3. The expression of half of the genes was associated with increased progression-free survival, the expression of the other half with decreased progression-free survival. The color gradient reflects the Wald z-score of the regression coefficient for each gene in the multivariable-adjusted proportional hazards regression model (a normalized measure of the effect size). c Scatter plot (left) showing the separation of HS5 (turquoise) and MM1S (orange) cells after co-culture in two-dimensional UMAP space based on their single-cell gene expression profiles. Euler diagram (right) showing the validation the predicted cis-interactions in MM1S cells after co-culture with HS5 using single-cell co-accessibility analysis. d Kaplan-Meier plots showing the association between the presence of adverse stromal interactions (ASI + ) and overall survival (Wald test). e Kaplan-Meier plots showing the association between the presence of adverse stromal interactions (ASI + ) and progression-free survival (Wald test). f Forest plots demonstrating the independent prognostic significance (overall survival) of the presence of adverse stromal interactions (ASI + ) in the derivation cohort and the two validation cohorts, when adjusting for established clinical, laboratory, and cytogenetic high-risk markers. The center marker represents the hazard ratio (HR) and the bars the corresponding 95% confidence interval. g Forest plots demonstrating the independent prognostic significance (overall survival) of the presence of adverse stromal interactions (ASI + ) in the combined validation cohorts when adjusting for the established clinical, laboratory, as well as the UAMS-70 and EMC-92 high-risk gene expression classifier, respectively. Center marker and bars same as for (f). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.