Table 6.

Median values of the highest quality studies in penile disease annual rate parameters

Parameter	Median value (low, high)a	References
Rate of local penile cancer-associated death	0.1205 (–)	Hernandez et al. [70]
Rate of progression from CIS 2 to local penile cancer	0.0044 (–)	Kravvas et al. [71]
Rate of progression from local to regional penile cancer	0.0581 (–)	Langsenlehner et al. [72]
Rate of progression from persistent HPV infection to PIN 1, male unvaccinated persons	0.0008 (0.0000, 0.0027)	Sudenga et al. [73]
Rate of progression from regional to distant penile cancer	0.4385 (–)	Necchi et al. [74]

CIS carcinoma in situ, HPV human papillomavirus, PIN penile intraepithelial neoplasia

^aRates are in units of 1/years. For parameters with only one value reported in their high-quality study, the ranges were represented as “(–)”