Table 3.

Effects of recovery at different time points

Performance	SR and MA	Type	References	Participants	Time	ES	95%	CI
Strength performance	Costello et al. [30]	Cryotherapya	Hausswirth et al. [64]	9M well-trained runners	Post 24 h	3.00	− 2.59	8.59
	Moore et al. [38]	Cryotherapyb	Dantas et al. [54]	30M recreational street runners	Post 24 h	0.33	− 0.56	1.21
	Poppendieck et al. [43]	Massagec	Dawson et al. [65]	12 (8M, 4F) competitive runners	Post 24 h	0.00	− 0.23	0.27
		Massaged	Edge et al. [59]	9M competitive runners	Post 24 h	− 0.03	− 0.29	0.24
	Brown et al. [29]	CGe	Bieuzen et al. [66]	11M highly trained runners	Post 24 h	0.83	− 0.05	1.70
		CGf	Hill et al. [49]	24 (M17, 7F) recreational marathon runners	Post 24 h	0.35	− 0.46	1.16
Jump performance	Brown et al. [29]	CGe	Bieuzen et al. [66]	11M highly trained runners	Post 24 h	0.48	− 0.37	1.33
Sprint performance	Poppendieck et al. [42]	Cryotherapyg	Stanley et al. [56]	11M trained cyclists	Post 24 h	0.57	− 0.28	1.42
		Cryotherapyh	Vaile et al. [67]	12M cyclists	Post 24 h	1.01	0.16	1.86
Endurance performance	Poppendieck et al. [42]	Cryotherapyg	Stanley et al. [56]	11M trained cyclists	Post 24 h	0.12	− 0.72	0.96
		Cryotherapyh	Vaile et al. [67]	12M cyclists	Post 24 h	0.10	− 0.70	0.90

CG, compression garments; CI, confidence intervals; ES, effect size; F, female; M, male; MA, meta-analysis; SR, systematic review

^aCryogenic chamber; ^bwhole-body cryotherapy; ^cmanual massage; ^dwhole-body vibration massage; ^ecompression knee socks/calf sleeves; ^fgraduated compression tights; ^gcold water immersion; ^hhydrotherapy included cold water immersion, hot water immersion, contrast water therapy