Table 3.
Detailed quality assessment of the included studies using Cochrane risk of bias 2 tool.
| First Author | Year | Randomization process | Intervention adherence | Missing outcome data | Outcome measurement | Selective reporting | Overall RoB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azuma | 1983 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Azuma | 1985 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Fujita | 1987 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Azuma | 1992 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Mizushima | 1996 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Zhang | 2004 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Spohr | 2005 | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Moloney | 2010 | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Beyranva-nd | 2011 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Arrieta | 2014 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Hsieh | 2014 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Rosa | 2014 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Averin | 2015 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Ra | 2016 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Sun | 2016 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Ahmadian | 2017 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Ahmadian | 2017 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Schwarzer | 2018 | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Batitucci | 2019 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Shari | 2019 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Van Hove | 2019 | Sa | L | L | L | L | S |
| Maleki | 2020 | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Esmaeili | 2021 | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Zaki | 2021 | L | L | L | L | L | L |
| Moludi | 2022 | L | L | L | L | L | L |
H high risk of bias, L low risk of bias, RoB risk of bias, S some risk of bias.
aThe studies did not provide allocation concealment details.