Table 2.
Studies with dietary fiber supplements in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
| Ref. | Population | Methods | Outcomes |
| Dall'Alba et al[10], 2013 | 44 Brazilian T2DM patients, enrolled for 6 wk | PHGG (10 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet | No significant changes in TG, HDL, SBP, or FG. Decreased waist circumference and HbA1c in the intervention group |
| Dehghan et al[11], 2014 | 49 Iranian T2DM patients, enrolled for 8 wk | Inulin (10 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (10 g/d) | Significant decreases in HbA1c (6.82 mmol/mol; 10.4%), and insulin in the intervention group |
| Dehghan et al[12], 2014 | 52 Iranian T2DM patients, enrolled for 8 wk | Oligofructose + inulin (10 g/d) + standard-diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (10 g/d) | HbA1c, FG, weight, and BMI significantly decreased in the intervention group |
| Gargari et al[13], 2015 | 60 Iranian T2DM patients, enrolled for 8 wk | Resistant starch (10 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (10 g/d) | Intervention group showed significantly decreased HbA1c (-0.3%; -3.6%), TG (-33.4 mg/dL, -15.4%), and SBP. HDL increased significantly only in the intervention group |
| Aliasgharzadeh et al[14], 2015 | 55 Iranian T2DM patients, enrolled for 8 wk | Resistant dextrin (10 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (10 g/d) | Fasted insulin, weight (-3.1 kg)z, and BMI (-1.4) significantly decreased in the intervention group. Decreased HbA1c was not significant in the intervention group |
| Farhangi et al[15], 2016 | 54 Iranian T2DM patients, enrolled for 8 wk | Resistant dextrin (10 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (10 g/d) | HbA1c and SBP decreased significantly in the intervention group. No significant changes were observed for BMI |
| Abutair et al[16], 2016 | 40 T2DM patients from Palestine, enrolled for 8 wk | Psyllium (10.5 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (10 g/d) | Significant changes were observed for glycemic control, including Hb1Ac and FG |
| Pedersen et al[17], 2016 | 40 T2DM patients from Ucraine, enrolled for 12 wk | Galacto-oligosaccharide (5.5 mg/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (5.5 g/d) | The prebiotic group showed increased HbA1c and fasting glucose |
| Farhangi et al[21], 2018 | 55 Iranian T2DM patients, enrolled for 8 wk | Resistant dextrin (10 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (10 g/d) | No significant changes were observed for glycemic control variables, and BMI, except for fasting insulin. Pro-inflammatory markers were significantly decreased in the intervention group |
| Birkeland et al[18], 2020 | 25 Norwegian T2DM patients, enrolled for 6 wk | Inulin fructans (16 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (16 g/d) | No changes in glycemic control were reported, with positive effects on fecal microbiome composition |
| Vuksan et al[22], 2020 | 26 Canadian patients (11 T2DM), enrolled for 3 wk | Viscous fiber blend + dietary fiber + standard diet; control group: Dietary fiber + standard diet + maltodextrin (16 g/d) | No significant effects on FG between groups. SBP and cardiovascular risk were reduced in the intervention group |
| Birkeland et al[19], 2021 | 25 Norwegian T2DM patients, enrolled for 6 wk | Inulin fructans (16 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (16 g/d) | No positive changes in glycemic control following a standard meal were reported |
| Birkeland et al[20], 2021 | 29 Norwegian T2DM patients, enrolled for 6 wk | Inulin fructans (16 g/d) + standard diet; control group: Standard diet + maltodextrin (16 g/d) | No positive changes in glycemic control or weight were reported |
| Su et al[22], 2022 | 13 Chinese T2DM patients, enrolled for 12 wk | Fiber consisted of probiotics, prebiotics, and whole grains, including three ready-to-consume prepared foods (44 g/d) + standard diet | The fiber formulation reduced Hb1Ac, weight, blood glucose, and blood pressure in T2D patients |
PHGG: Partially hydrolysed guar gum; TG: Triglycerides; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; SBP: Systemic blood pressure; FG: Fasting glucose; BMI: Body mass index; Hb1Ac: Glycated hemoglobin.