Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants at baseline of progression to dementia and nonprogression group
| Progression to dementia (n = 74) | Nonprogression (n = 175) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male/female | 23/51 | 101/74 | < .001 |
| Age, y | 68.990 ± 6.820 | 66.210 ± 7.012 | .006 |
| Education, y | 7.568 ± 3.562 | 8.994 ± 3.256 | .02 |
| BMI | 26.518 ± 3.634 | 25.481 ± 3.188 | .025 |
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy, % | 33.784 | 20.000 | .020 |
| Hypertension, % | 58.108 | 51.429 | .283 |
| Smoking, % | 13.514 | 11.429 | .645 |
| Drinking, % | 10.811 | 16.571 | .244 |
| Duration of T2DM, y | 12.880 ± 6.204 | 10.050 ± 4.843 | < .001 |
| APOE ε4 positive, % | 31.081 | 20.571 | .075 |
| OH, % | 50.000 | 26.857 | < .001 |
| EOH, % | 8.824 | 6.857 | .822 |
| DOH, % | 41.892 | 20.000 | < .001 |
| Follow-up time, mo | 35.840 ± 12.161 | 41.350 ± 12.179 | .001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 162.900 ± 112.483 | 178.120 ± 156.225 | .502 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 190.050 ± 62.675 | 162.590 ± 61.103 | .005 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 113.550 ± 42.202 | 103.110 ± 34.430 | .076 |
| Hyperlipidemia, % | 58.108 | 51.429 | .335 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 9.475 ± 2.963 | 9.248 ± 2.888 | .575 |
| HbA1c, % | 8.315 ± 1.396 | 8.707 ± 2.562 | .216 |
| Diabetic medication | |||
| SGLT2 inhibitors, % | 31.081 | 24.000 | .169 |
| GLP-1 receptor drugs, % | 12.162 | 9.143 | .470 |
| Thiazolidinediones, % | 13.514 | 10.857 | .551 |
| MoCA | 17.720 ± 2.816 | 22.020 ± 2.277 | < .001 |
| MMSE | 24.860 ± 2.343 | 26.340 ± 1.993 | < .001 |
| NDE Aβ42, pg/mL | 3.583 ± 0.838 | 3.281 ± 0.723 | .004 |
| NDE T-tau, pg/mL | 172.090 ± 28.652 | 162.130 ± 27.494 | .010 |
| NDE P-T181-tau, pg/mL | 56.000 ± 12.489 | 50.790 ± 14.774 | .008 |
| ADE C3b, pg/mL | 399.901 ± 150.244 | 303.259 ± 104.983 | < .001 |
| ADE C5b-9, pg/mL | 1743.400 ± 06.342 | 1328.057 ± 474.979 | < .001 |
| ADE CD55, pg/mL | 797.734 ± 313.128 | 865.853 ± 264.553 | .080 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise specified. Between-group comparisons were performed using t tests for parametric data and χ2 tests for proportions.
Abbreviations: Aβ42, amyloid beta42; ADE, astrocyte-derived exosome; APOE, apolipoprotein E; BMI, body mass index; DOH, delayed orthostatic hypotension; EOH, early orthostatic hypotension; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NDE, neuronal cell-derived exosome; OH, orthostatic hypotension; P-T181-tau, tau phosphorylated at threonine 181; SGLT2, sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2; T-tau, total tau; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.