TABLE 7.
Prognostic predictors for long‐term survival (>3 months) in 45 horses with equine pulmonary nodular fibrosis with bivariate P values.
| Test result | Non‐survivor (n = 34) | Survivor (n = 11) | P value a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical and demographic findings | |||
| Institution | A—2/34, 6% | A—0/11, 0% | .25 |
| B—8/34, 24% | B—2/11, 18% | ||
| C—1/34, 3% | C—1/11, 9% | ||
| D—7/34, 21% | D—3/11, 27% | ||
| E—1/34, 3% | E—0/11, 0% | ||
| F—1/34, 3% | F—0/11, 0% | ||
| G—0/34, 0% | G—2/11, 18% | ||
| H—3/34, 9% | H—1/11, 9% | ||
| I—11/34, 32% | I—2/11, 18% | ||
| Age (years) | 15 (8‐26) | 14 (5‐23) | |
| Breed | WB—15/34, 44% | WB—4/11, 36% | |
| TB—9/34, 26% | TB—3/11, 27% | ||
| QH—4/34, 12% | QH—0/11, 0% | ||
| Other—6/34, 18% | Other—4/11, 36% | ||
| Sex | Female—19/34, 56% | Female—5/11, 45% | |
| Gelding—15/34, 44% | Gelding—5/11, 45% | ||
| Stallion—0/34, 0% | Stallion—1/11, 9% | ||
| Duration of clinical signs (days) | 28 (5‐210) | 36 (7‐360) | |
| Historical fever | 19/34, 56% | 7/11, 63% | |
| Fever at admission | 14/34, 41% | 4/11, 36% | |
| Maximum rectal temperature | 102.8 (98.7‐106.2) | 102.1 (99‐104.7) | .15 |
| Weight loss | 28/34, 82% | 7/11, 64% | |
| Nasal discharge | 11/34, 32% | 5/11, 45% | |
| Increased respiratory effort | 26/34, 76% | 8/11, 73% | |
| Respiratory distress | 6/34, 18% | 0/11, 0% | |
| Respiratory rate (brpm) | 41 (12‐64) | 30 (16‐50) | .04 |
| Hematology | |||
| Total leukocytes (× 109/L) | 11 (3‐35.8) | 8.4 (4.46‐20.5) | |
| Neutrophils (× 109/L) | 8.95 (2.2‐30.8) | 7.87 (3.5‐15.3) | |
| Band neutrophils (× 109/L) | 0 (0‐1.3) | 0 (0‐0.3) | |
| Lymphocytes (× 10 9 /L) | 0.9 (0.3‐4.29) | 1.25 (0.8‐4.92) | .03 |
| Monocytes (× 109/L) | 0.30 (0‐1.4) | 0.20 (0‐0.96) | |
| Eosinophils (× 109/L) | 0.05 (0‐0.6) | 0.04 (0‐0.8) | |
| Basophils (× 109/L) | 0 (0‐0.9) | 0.04 (0‐0.21) | |
| Fibrinogen (% of upper reference limit) | 247 (100‐750) | 163 (80‐400) | .18 |
| BALF differential count | |||
| Neutrophils (%) | 37 (7‐87) | 9.5 (1‐85) | |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 18.5 (0‐62) | 39 (12‐75) | |
| Macrophages (%) | 35 (10‐88) | 30.5 (3‐70) | |
| Mast cells (%) | 1 (0‐3) | 1.25 (0‐3) | |
| Lymphocyte:neutrophil ratio | 0.47 (0‐5.6) | 4.7 (0.14‐38) | .01 |
| Virology | |||
| EHV‐5 PCR+ BALF, TW, or biopsy | 17/20, 85% | 7/10, 70% | |
| EHV‐5 PCR+ BALF | 10/12, 83% | 4/8, 50% | .16 |
| EHV‐5 PCR+ lung | 4/8, 50% | 3/5, 60% | |
| Imaging | |||
| Nodular pattern radiographs | 21/29, 72% | 7/11, 64% | |
| Miliary pattern radiographs | 5/29, 17% | 1/11, 9% | |
| Interstitial pattern radiographs | 22/29, 73% | 9/11, 82% | |
| Bronchointerstitial pattern radiographs | 17/29, 59% | 5/11, 45% | |
| Radiograph score with lymph nodes | 15 (6‐25) | 16 (2‐31) | |
| Radiograph score corrected | 4.88 (1.5‐8.5) | 5.33 (0.5‐7.75) | |
| Nodular pattern ultrasound | 15/23, 65% | 8/10, 80% | |
| Ultrasound score | 26 (4‐86) | 35.5 (3‐113) | |
| Ultrasound score corrected | 3.86 (2.57‐5.7) | 2.85 (2.44‐4.35) | |
| Treatment | |||
| Antiviral | 11/32, 34% | 4/11, 36% | |
| Corticosteroid | 19/32, 59% | 9/11, 82% |
Note: Results are expressed as median (range) and number (%) of horses. Bolded values represent significant differences between groups as single predictors.
Abbreviations: BALF, bronchoalveolar fluid; QH, Quarter Horse; TB, Thoroughbred; TW, tracheal wash; WB, warmblood.
a
Wilcoxon rank sum for medians and chi‐square or Fisher exact for proportions performed on top predictors by predictor response screening. None remained significant after application of the Benjamini‐Hochberg test for multiple comparisons.