FIGURE 4.

Overall MR estimates for the causal impacts. (A) Causal effects of ALM on potential mediators determined by UVMR; (B) causal effects of remaining candidate mediators on IS determined by UVMR; (C) independent causal effects of remaining candidate mediators on IS after controlling for ALM by MVMR; (D) causal effects of potential mediators on ALM determined by UVMR. Different colors in the boxes indicate the magnitude of the p‐value. AF, atrial fibrillation; ALM, appendicular lean mass; CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C‐reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FG, fasting glucose; FI, fasting insulin; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; IS, ischemic stroke; IVW, inverse‐variance weighted; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; ML, maximum likelihood; MR‐PRESSO^c, outlier‐corrected MR‐PRESSO; MR‐PRESSO^r, raw MR‐PRESSO; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; MVMR, multivariable Mendelian randomization; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2DM, type‐2 diabetes mellitus; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; THG, two‐hour postprandial glucose; UVMR, univariable Mendelian randomization; WM, weighted median.