Table 2.

Effects and mechanism of actions of plant species

Plant species or scientific name	Mechanism of action	Effects
Black cohosh rhizome (Cimicifuga racemosa)	Estrogen receptors are unaffected in the long-term enhancement of brain metabolism and general activity[47]	Treatment for menopause symptoms includes headaches, flushes, sleeplessness, irritability, and nocturnal hyperhidrosis.[1] Minimize how uncomfortable colors are. Diminish vasomotor symptoms[48]
Chaste tree fruit (Vitex agnus-castus) fruit	A reduction in prolactin release after binding to dopamine receptors. Increased levels of LH and a slight restriction of follicle-stimulating hormone release will tip the estrogen–progesterone ratio in favor of progestin[4]	Reduces in sadness, edema, mental tension, migraines, and constipation. Chaste tree extract reduced physical symptoms. Plants work on bodily hormones to treat female disorders[49]
Evening primrose seed (Oenothera biennis)	Its fatty acid components are believed to have therapeutic effects on immune cells directly and indirectly by influencing the production of eicosanoids such as prostaglandins, cytokines, and cytokine mediators[50]	Less hot flashes, under control vasomotor symptoms, minimal side effects, and excellent safety[51]
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed	Changes in immune cell function, antioxidant properties, and nitric oxide activity may all play a role in how estrogen modifies the quantity and activity of cytokines[52]	Reduce thromboxane levels, diminish platelet clumping, and limit clotting to avoid clotting problems at high lipid levels. This herb reduces metabolic and inflammatory problems caused by menopause[52]
Hop (Humulus lupulus) inflorescence	6-OHDA was stopped by lower amounts of ROS and higher levels of endogenous antioxidants that caused PC12 cells to activate the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which may have protected neuronal cells[53]	The severity and frequency of hot flushes have been shown to be reduced by preparations based on hops[53]
Red clover (red clover Trifolium pratense) stem, leaf, flower	Red clover flavonoids operate differently from flavonoid compounds in terms of how they affect lipid metabolism due to their varied isoflavone compositions[54]	There is no discernible impact on maintaining body or uterine weight[55]
Soybean seed (Glycine soja)	Furthermore, soybean germ includes estrogenic lignans and pertinent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and estrogenic properties of flavonoids such as genistein, equol, and daidzein isoflavones[56]	The mental health is improved by isoflavone-rich food and medicine plants rich in isoflavones[56]

LH: Luteinizing hormone, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, OHDA: Hydroxydopamine, PC: Pheochromocytoma