Table 1. The mean average peak plantar pressure and shank distal end velocity of five offloading conditions and the control condition at the region of foot (RoF) and region of interest (RoI) for 10 subjects at three walking speeds.
Walking speed | Offloading condition | Velocity (m/s, mean[std]) | APPP at region of foot (kPa, mean[std]) | APPP at region of interest (kPa, mean[std]) | |||||
Heel strike | Toe-off | Calcaneus | Metatarsal head | Toe | Calcaneus | Metatarsal head | Toe | ||
Slow | Control | 0.60[0.08] | 0.96[0.09] | 469[107] | 530[166] | 512[236] | 469[107] | 530[166] | 512[236] |
SCO | 0.67[0.10] | 1.06[0.08] | 495[115] | 570[241] | 482[206] | 367[164] | 490[235] | 380[254] | |
LCO | 0.79[0.15] | 1.11[0.06] | 463[157] | 672[340] | 499[241] | 164[104] | 586[403] | 367[291] | |
SMHO | 0.57[0.06] | 0.95[0.12] | 512[115] | 562[151] | 535[218] | 405[97] | 437[189] | 346[249] | |
LMHO | 0.68[0.08] | 1.09[0.12] | 522[121] | 573[152] | 546[221] | 428[88] | 398[231] | 352[245] | |
LCOBS | 0.79[0.14] | 1.10[0.08] | 426[110] | 615[223] | 466[206] | 176[112] | 556[258] | 331[239] | |
Normal | Control | 0.61[0.11] | 0.96[0.12] | 490[117] | 535[165] | 681[331] | 490[117] | 535[165] | 681[331] |
SCO | 0.69[0.10] | 1.09[0.07] | 551[134] | 559[175] | 613[209] | 405[196] | 492[110] | 432[219] | |
LCO | 0.79[0.12] | 1.11[0.09] | 566[178] | 654[201] | 585[247] | 146[44] | 602[180] | 413[288] | |
SMHO | 0.60[0.08] | 0.98[0.08] | 553[143] | 579[146] | 611[254] | 474[128] | 469[199] | 385[292] | |
LMHO | 0.70[0.16] | 1.05[0.06] | 557[154] | 722[289] | 691[271] | 454[129] | 484[260] | 418[266] | |
LCOBS | 0.74[0.11] | 1.09[0.10] | 541[174] | 724[299] | 627[240] | 149[65] | 652[326] | 350[322] | |
Fast | Control | 0.65[0.11] | 0.97[0.10] | 522[113] | 596[228] | 671[253] | 522[113] | 596[228] | 671[253] |
SCO | 0.73[0.17] | 1.12[0.10] | 608[131] | 639[219] | 718[292] | 449[207] | 571[170] | 477[299] | |
LCO | 0.75[0.13] | 1.10[0.06] | 571[215] | 646[195] | 687[285] | 213[75] | 584[209] | 493[350] | |
SMHO | 0.62[0.11] | 0.98[0.13] | 603[145] | 652[155] | 693[256] | 535[156] | 519[179] | 477[294] | |
LMHO | 0.66[0.09] | 1.06[0.05] | 616[127] | 745[265] | 715[225] | 534[123] | 453[300] | 512[308] | |
LCOBS | 0.80[0.11] | 1.14[0.07] | 501[99] | 777[330] | 676[242] | 222[94] | 715[357] | 320[187] | |
Walking speed | Offloading condition | Velocity (Control value, m/s; difference from control, % and [P-value]) |
APPP at region of foot (Control value, kPa; difference from control, % and [P-value]) |
APPP at region of interest (Control value, kPa; difference from control, % and [P-value]) |
|||||
Heel strike | Toe-off | Calcaneus | Metatarsal head | Toe | Calcaneus | Metatarsal head | Toe | ||
Slow | Control | 0.6 | 0.96 | 469 | 530 | 512 | 469 | 530 | 512 |
SCO | 12[0.091] | 11[0.000] | 6[0.175] | 4[0.234] | 9[0.673] | -23[0.040] | -11[0.426] | -14[0.148] | |
LCO | 30[0.003] | 17[0.001] | -1[0.892] | 21[0.049] | 14[0.752] | -62[0.001] | -1[0.521] | -14[0.188] | |
SMHO | -6[0.117] | -2[0.598] | 11[0.189] | 8[0.265] | 24[0.730] | -13[0.006] | -12[0.294] | -8[0.157] | |
LMHO | 15[0.020] | 15[0.044] | 13[0.096] | 10[0.240] | 24[0.665] | -7[0.121] | -21[0.195] | -10[0.170] | |
LCOBS | 29[0.004] | 17[0.010] | -7[0.277] | 16[0.031] | 6[0.535] | -59[0.001] | 2[0.581] | -18[0.104] | |
Normal | Control | 0.61 | 0.96 | 490 | 535 | 681 | 490 | 535 | 681 |
SCO | 15[0.005] | 16[0.001] | 13[0.002] | 6[0.192] | -2[0.327] | -19[0.108] | -5[0.104] | -31[0.030] | |
LCO | 32[0.002] | 17[0.004] | 17[0.142] | 26[0.014] | -2[0.379] | -68[0.001] | 16[0.039] | -29[0.065] | |
SMHO | 1[0.909] | 3[0.398] | 15[0.149] | 12[0.158] | 0[0.256] | -3[0.580] | -7[0.429] | -32[0.067] | |
LMHO | 15[0.004] | 11[0.006] | 14[0.091] | 34[0.028] | 21[0.809] | -8[0.192] | -7[0.579] | -18[0.113] | |
LCOBS | 25[0.008] | 15[0.013] | 14[0.423] | 36[0.015] | 10[0.668] | -67[0.001] | 18[0.110] | -33[0.073] | |
Fast | Control | 0.65 | 0.97 | 522 | 596 | 671 | 522 | 596 | 671 |
SCO | 12[0.006] | 16[0.004] | 17[0.001] | 9[0.146] | 9[0.366] | -14[0.264] | 0[0.674] | -25[0.085] | |
LCO | 23[0.026] | 16[0.005] | 7[0.485] | 22[0.025] | 3[0.851] | -57[0.001] | 9[0.319] | -30[0.083] | |
SMHO | -1[0.755] | 2[0.426] | 17[0.038] | 14[0.240] | 9[0.962] | 2[0.666] | -3[0.488] | -22[0.093] | |
LMHO | 1[0.945] | 11[0.023] | 19[0.004] | 30[0.164] | 20[0.673] | 3[0.552] | -16[0.291] | -10[0.270] | |
LCOBS | 24[0.001] | 19[0.002] | 0[0.661] | 30[0.002] | 13[0.967] | -55[0.001] | 18[0.072] | -40[0.020] |
Percentage differences and P-values were calculated for the five offloading conditions and the control condition for 10 subjects at three walking speeds. P-values smaller than 0.05 were underlined. APPP means average peak plantar pressure, SCO means small calcaneus offloading insole, LCO means larger calcaneus offloading insole, SMHO means small metatarsal head offloading insole, LMHO means large metatarsal head offloading insole, LCOBS means both sides large calcaneus offloading insole and std means standard deviation.