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. 2024 May 17;19(5):e0303826. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303826

Table 1. The mean average peak plantar pressure and shank distal end velocity of five offloading conditions and the control condition at the region of foot (RoF) and region of interest (RoI) for 10 subjects at three walking speeds.

Walking speed Offloading condition Velocity (m/s, mean[std]) APPP at region of foot (kPa, mean[std]) APPP at region of interest (kPa, mean[std])
    Heel strike Toe-off Calcaneus Metatarsal head Toe Calcaneus Metatarsal head Toe
Slow Control 0.60[0.08] 0.96[0.09] 469[107] 530[166] 512[236] 469[107] 530[166] 512[236]
  SCO 0.67[0.10] 1.06[0.08] 495[115] 570[241] 482[206] 367[164] 490[235] 380[254]
  LCO 0.79[0.15] 1.11[0.06] 463[157] 672[340] 499[241] 164[104] 586[403] 367[291]
  SMHO 0.57[0.06] 0.95[0.12] 512[115] 562[151] 535[218] 405[97] 437[189] 346[249]
  LMHO 0.68[0.08] 1.09[0.12] 522[121] 573[152] 546[221] 428[88] 398[231] 352[245]
  LCOBS 0.79[0.14] 1.10[0.08] 426[110] 615[223] 466[206] 176[112] 556[258] 331[239]
Normal Control 0.61[0.11] 0.96[0.12] 490[117] 535[165] 681[331] 490[117] 535[165] 681[331]
  SCO 0.69[0.10] 1.09[0.07] 551[134] 559[175] 613[209] 405[196] 492[110] 432[219]
  LCO 0.79[0.12] 1.11[0.09] 566[178] 654[201] 585[247] 146[44] 602[180] 413[288]
  SMHO 0.60[0.08] 0.98[0.08] 553[143] 579[146] 611[254] 474[128] 469[199] 385[292]
  LMHO 0.70[0.16] 1.05[0.06] 557[154] 722[289] 691[271] 454[129] 484[260] 418[266]
  LCOBS 0.74[0.11] 1.09[0.10] 541[174] 724[299] 627[240] 149[65] 652[326] 350[322]
Fast Control 0.65[0.11] 0.97[0.10] 522[113] 596[228] 671[253] 522[113] 596[228] 671[253]
  SCO 0.73[0.17] 1.12[0.10] 608[131] 639[219] 718[292] 449[207] 571[170] 477[299]
  LCO 0.75[0.13] 1.10[0.06] 571[215] 646[195] 687[285] 213[75] 584[209] 493[350]
  SMHO 0.62[0.11] 0.98[0.13] 603[145] 652[155] 693[256] 535[156] 519[179] 477[294]
  LMHO 0.66[0.09] 1.06[0.05] 616[127] 745[265] 715[225] 534[123] 453[300] 512[308]
  LCOBS 0.80[0.11] 1.14[0.07] 501[99] 777[330] 676[242] 222[94] 715[357] 320[187]
Walking speed Offloading condition Velocity
(Control value, m/s;
difference from control, % and [P-value])
APPP at region of foot
(Control value, kPa;
difference from control, % and [P-value])
APPP at region of interest
(Control value, kPa;
difference from control, % and [P-value])
    Heel strike Toe-off Calcaneus Metatarsal head Toe Calcaneus Metatarsal head Toe
Slow Control 0.6 0.96 469 530 512 469 530 512
  SCO 12[0.091] 11[0.000] 6[0.175] 4[0.234] 9[0.673] -23[0.040] -11[0.426] -14[0.148]
  LCO 30[0.003] 17[0.001] -1[0.892] 21[0.049] 14[0.752] -62[0.001] -1[0.521] -14[0.188]
  SMHO -6[0.117] -2[0.598] 11[0.189] 8[0.265] 24[0.730] -13[0.006] -12[0.294] -8[0.157]
  LMHO 15[0.020] 15[0.044] 13[0.096] 10[0.240] 24[0.665] -7[0.121] -21[0.195] -10[0.170]
  LCOBS 29[0.004] 17[0.010] -7[0.277] 16[0.031] 6[0.535] -59[0.001] 2[0.581] -18[0.104]
Normal Control 0.61 0.96 490 535 681 490 535 681
  SCO 15[0.005] 16[0.001] 13[0.002] 6[0.192] -2[0.327] -19[0.108] -5[0.104] -31[0.030]
  LCO 32[0.002] 17[0.004] 17[0.142] 26[0.014] -2[0.379] -68[0.001] 16[0.039] -29[0.065]
  SMHO 1[0.909] 3[0.398] 15[0.149] 12[0.158] 0[0.256] -3[0.580] -7[0.429] -32[0.067]
  LMHO 15[0.004] 11[0.006] 14[0.091] 34[0.028] 21[0.809] -8[0.192] -7[0.579] -18[0.113]
  LCOBS 25[0.008] 15[0.013] 14[0.423] 36[0.015] 10[0.668] -67[0.001] 18[0.110] -33[0.073]
Fast Control 0.65 0.97 522 596 671 522 596 671
  SCO 12[0.006] 16[0.004] 17[0.001] 9[0.146] 9[0.366] -14[0.264] 0[0.674] -25[0.085]
  LCO 23[0.026] 16[0.005] 7[0.485] 22[0.025] 3[0.851] -57[0.001] 9[0.319] -30[0.083]
  SMHO -1[0.755] 2[0.426] 17[0.038] 14[0.240] 9[0.962] 2[0.666] -3[0.488] -22[0.093]
  LMHO 1[0.945] 11[0.023] 19[0.004] 30[0.164] 20[0.673] 3[0.552] -16[0.291] -10[0.270]
  LCOBS 24[0.001] 19[0.002] 0[0.661] 30[0.002] 13[0.967] -55[0.001] 18[0.072] -40[0.020]

Percentage differences and P-values were calculated for the five offloading conditions and the control condition for 10 subjects at three walking speeds. P-values smaller than 0.05 were underlined. APPP means average peak plantar pressure, SCO means small calcaneus offloading insole, LCO means larger calcaneus offloading insole, SMHO means small metatarsal head offloading insole, LMHO means large metatarsal head offloading insole, LCOBS means both sides large calcaneus offloading insole and std means standard deviation.