Fig. 2.

Observational and causal associations between traits and LTL. Estimates (x-axis) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for traits (y-axis) with at least one strictly significant ($p<0.05/141=3.5e\text{-}4$) association with LTL across the observational correlation (linear regression; $\beta$; black) and inverse-variance weighted (IVW) Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates of LTL on trait ($\alpha$; red) and trait on LTL ($\alpha$; blue) are shown. Strictly significant effects are shown as full circles; otherwise as empty circles. Traits are colored according to their MR effects, with red, blue, or purple indicating a significant LTL to trait, trait to LTL, or bidirectional effect. For diseases (*), one standard deviation ($\text{SD}$) change in LTL corresponds to one $log(OR)$ change, implying a scale of ${\text{SD}}_{\text{LTL}}/log(OR)$ for the effects of diseases on LTL, and $log(OR)/{\text{SD}}_{\text{LTL}}$ for the effect of LTL on the disease, so that observational effects and MR effects are not directly comparable (Additional file 2: Table S2)