Table 4.
Hazard Ratio of bladder cancer subtypes, according to diabetes characteristics in age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted analyses in men and women separately, Netherlands Cohort Study
| Diabetes characteristics | Men | Women | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person- years subcohort | Invasive bladder cancer | Noninvasive bladder cancer | Person- | Invasive bladder cancer | |||||||
| Cases | Age-adjusted | Multivariable-adjusted | Cases | Age-adjusted | Multivariable-adjusted | years | Cases | Age-adjusted | Multivariable-adjusted | ||
| n | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | n | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | subcohort | n | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | ||
| T2DM status | |||||||||||
| No DM | 32,160 | 799 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 907 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 37,295 | 174 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| T2DM | 834 | 32 | 1.40 (0.88–2.24) | 1.42 (0.88–2.30) | 28 | 1.14 (0.71–1.85) | 1.17 (0.72–1.89) | 1216 | 11 | 1.94 (1.00–3.75) | 2.19 (1.10–4.34) |
| Age at diagnosis of T2DM | |||||||||||
| No DM | 32,160 | 799 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 907 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 37,295 | 174 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| T2DM, diagnosed 55+ years | 395 | 19 | 1.64 (0.88–3.06) | 1.72 (0.89–3.33) | 12 | 0.98 (0.49–1.99) | 1.02 (0.50–2.07) | 740 | 10 | 2.76 (1.35–5.65) | 3.31 (1.54–7.12) |
| T2DM, diagnosed < 55 years | 439 | 13 | 1.16 (0.58–2.32) | 1.13 (0.56–2.31) | 16 | 1.30 (0.68–2.48) | 1.31 (0.68–2.51) | 476 | 1 | 0.49 (0.07–3.65) | 0.51 (0.07–3.87) |
| P-trend | 0.265 | 0.284 | 0.484 | 0.452 | 0.208 | 0.134 | |||||
| Time since T2DM diagnosis | |||||||||||
| No DM | 32,160 | 799 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 907 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 37,295 | 174 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| T2DM, < 5 years | 255 | 15 | 2.13 (1.00–4.55) | 2.02 (0.91–4.50) | 8 | 1.05 (0.43–2.56) | 1.02 (0.42–2.51) | 422 | 6 | 3.07 (1.23–7.69) | 3.94 (1.54–10.10) |
| T2DM, 5+ years | 580 | 17 | 1.08 (0.59–1.96) | 1.12 (0.61–2.08) | 20 | 1.18 (0.67–2.08) | 1.24 (0.70–2.18) | 795 | 5 | 1.34 (0.52–3.44) | 1.43 (0.55–3.74) |
| P-trend | 0.340 | 0.306 | 0.555 | 0.480 | 0.137 | 0.091 | |||||
| T2DM medication | |||||||||||
| No DM | 32,160 | 799 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 907 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 37,295 | 174 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| T2DM without antidiabetic drugs | 441 | 15 | 1.18 (0.61–2.28) | 1.25 (0.64–2.43) | 18 | 1.34 (0.72–2.48) | 1.37 (0.74–2.53) | 645 | 1 | 0.34 (0.05–2.47) | 0.38 (0.05–2.81) |
| T2DM + blood glucose lowering drugs | 336 | 12 | 1.41 (0.67–2.96) | 1.34 (0.61–2.94) | 7 | 0.74 (0.31–1.79) | 0.75 (0.31–1.82) | 420 | 10 | 5.14 (2.39–11.09) | 6.08 (2.75–13.43) |
| T2DM + insulin and analogues | 38 | 5 | 5.08 (1.17–22.06) | 4.18 (0.88–19.79) | 2 | 1.96 (0.32–12.04) | 1.74 (0.26–11.50) | 151 | 0 | ||
DM diabetes mellitus, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, HR hazard ratio
Multivariable analyses adjusted for: age at baseline (years), smoking status (never, former, current), smoking frequency (number of cigarettes per day; centered), smoking duration (number of years; centered), BMI at baseline (< 18.5, 18.5–< 25, 25–< 30, ≥ 30 kg/m2), highest level of education (primary school or lower vocational (low), secondary school or medium vocational (medium), and higher vocational or university (high)), alcohol intake (g/day), family history of bladder cancer (no, yes)