Table 1.
Adverse outcomes associated with frailty among kidney disease populations
| Study population | Outcomes of interest | HR/OR, risk difference (95% CI) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| CKD | Choice of RRT over nondialysis conservative care | OR 0.62 (0.51–0.75) | Pyart et al.75 |
| Dialysis initiation | HR 5.42 (1.06– 27.64) | Vezza et al.82 | |
| In-center dialysis over home therapy | OR 3.41 (1.56– 7.44) | Brar et al.80 | |
| Hospitalization | HR 18.80 (2.36– 150.00) | Vezza et al.82 | |
| All-cause mortality | HR 4.28 (1.22– 14.9) | Ali et al.83 | |
| HR 1.96 (1.47– 2.61) | Brar et al.80 | ||
| HR 1.51 (1.10– 2.10) | Delgado et al.84 | ||
| HR 2.32 (0.23– 23.12) | Vezza et al.82 | ||
| HR 3.0 (2.2– 4.1) | Wilhelm-Leen et al.16 | ||
| Death or dialysis | HR 2.5 (1.4– 4.4) | Roshanravan et al.14 | |
| HD | Earlier dialysis commencement | OR 1.44 (1.23– 1.68) | Bao et al.85 |
| OR 1.16 per frailty symptom (1.06– 1.28) | Tamura et al.86 | ||
| Falls | HR 3.09 (1.38– 6.90) | McAdams-DeMarco et al.87 | |
| HR 2.1 (1.21– 3.92) | Yadla et al.26 | ||
| Emergency department visits | HR 2.20 (1.58– 3.08) | Garcia-Canton et al.88 | |
| IRR 2.78 (1.70– 4.60) | Li- et al.89 | ||
| HR 2.28 (1.30– 3.98) | Vinson et al.90 | ||
| Time to first hospitalization | HR 1.26 (1.09– 1.45) | Bao et al.85 | |
| Hospitalization | HR 2.09 (1.38– 3.18) | Garcia-Canton et al.88 | |
| HR 1.80 (1.38– 2.36) | Lee et al.91 | ||
| HR 1.43 (1.00– 2.03) | McAdams-DeMarco et al.8 | ||
| HR 1.35 (1.20– 1.53) | Nixon et al.92 | ||
| HR 2.31 (1.24– 4.32) | Van Loon et al.93 | ||
| HR 2.06 (1.18– 3.58) | Yadla et al.26 | ||
| Hospitalization (LOS >2 weeks post kidney transplantation) | HR 2.02 (1.20– 3.40) | Chu et al.34 | |
| 12-month mortality | HR 7.22 (2.47– 21.13) | Van Loon et al.93 | |
| All-cause mortality | HR 1.57 (1.25– 1.97) | Bao et al.85 | |
| HR 3.77 (1.10– 12.92) | Fitzpatrick et al.94 | ||
| HR 2.34 (1.39– 3.95) | Garcia-Canton et al.88 | ||
| HR 2.16 (1.41– 3.29) | Johansen et al.95 | ||
| HR 5.22 (2.28– 11.97) | Johansen et al.33 | ||
| HR 2.37 (1.11– 5.02) | Lee et al.91 | ||
| HR 4.10 (1.09– 15.43) | Li et al.89 | ||
| HR 2.60 (1.04– 6.49) | McAdams-DeMarco et al.8 | ||
| HR 2.15 (1.63– 2.85) | Nixon et al.92 | ||
| Postkidney transplant mortality | HR 2.27 (1.11– 4.65) | Chu et al.34 | |
| HR 2.30 (1.12– 4.74) | Nastasi et al.96 | ||
| No survival advantage to dialysis where frailty is present | HR 1.2 (0.69–2.06) | Pyart et al.75 | |
| Home therapy (Home HD or PD) | Composite technique failure and death | HR 2.10 (1.09– 3.99) | Brar et al.81 |
| Peritoneal dialysis | All-cause mortality | HR 1.79 (1.09– 2.94) | Chan et al.97 |
| HR 12.2 (2.27– 65.5) | Kamijo et al.98 | ||
| Kidney transplant recipient | Postoperative complications | HR 14.54 (7.90– 21.18) | Schopmeyer et al.99 |
| RR 2.14 (1.01– 4.54) | Dos Santos Mantovani et al.41 | ||
| Delayed graft function | RR 1.94 (1.13– 3.36) | Garonzik-Wang et al.100 | |
| Early hospital readmission | RR 1.61 (1.18– 2.19) | McAdams-DeMarco et al.101 | |
| Immunosuppression intolerance | HR 1.29 (1.01– 1.66) | McAdams-Demarco et al.102 | |
| All-cause mortality | HR 2.17 (1.01– 4.65) | McAdams-DeMarco et al.103 | |
| HR 2.61 (1.14– 5.97) | McAdams-DeMarco et al.104 |
CKD, chronic kidney disease; HD, hemodialysis; HR, hazard ratio; LOS, length of stay; OR, odds ratio; PD, peritoneal dialysis.