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. 2024 Jan 10;9(4):1072–1082. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2024.01.004

Table 2.

Blood and urine mineral metabolism parameters and DEXA parameters stratified by subgroups of VMDR

Characteristics Vitamin D metabolite diagnostic ratio
VMDR <25 (N = 848) VMDR 25–80 (N = 118) VMDR >80 (N = 8)
Males 604 (71.2%) 68 (57.6%) 5 (62.5%)
Age, years 47.4 (14.2) 47.8 (15.5) 51.1 (15.2)
Age at first self-reported stone event 37.1 (14.1) 36.2 (15.0) 29.3 (9.0)
Age at first stone composition analysis 45.6 (14.3) 46.6 (16.7) 48.3 (17.7)
Body mass index, kg/m2 27.0 (4.8) 28.1 (5.4) 24.9 (2.7)
eGFR creatinine Equation CKD-EPI 2009, ml/min per 1.73 m2 BSA 95.4 (18.7) 93.6 (25.0) 80.2 (25.4)
Hypertension medication usage 232 (27.4%) 34 (28.8%) 2 (25.0%)
Diabetes 94 (11.1%) 20 (16.9%) 0 (0.0%)
Stone recurrence (≥2 stone events) 689 (81.3%) 96 (81.4%) 8 (100.0%)
Medications affecting plasma 25(OH) vitamin D3 55 (6.5%) 15 (12.7%) 1 (12.5%)
Loop diuretics 11 (1.3%) 3 (2.5%) 0 (0.0%)
Thiazide diuretics 115 (13.6%) 11 (9.3%) 1 (12.5%)
DEXA parameters
 Femoral neck BMD, g/cm2 0.84 (0.76, 0.93) 0.79 (0.72, 0.88) 0.79 (0.65, 0.84)
 Femoral neck T-score, SD −0.50 (−1.20, 0.10) −0.80 (−1.48, −0.20) −1.05 (−2.00, −0.70)
 Lumbar spine BMD, g/cm2 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) 0.98 (0.85, 1.08) 1.01 (0.97, 1.06)
 Lumbar spine T-score, SD −0.60 (−1.28, 0.30) −0.70 (−2.00, 0.18) −0.70 (-0.98, −0.28)
Blood parameters
 Total plasma calcium, mmol/l 2.34 (2.28, 2.39) 2.32 (2.26, 2.39) 2.43 (2.34, 2.53)
 Corrected plasma calcium, mmol/l 2.36 (2.30, 2.42) 2.36 (2.29, 2.43) 2.46 (2.34, 2.54)
 Ionized calcium, mmol/l 1.20 (1.17, 1.22) 1.20 (1.18, 1.23) 1.24 (1.21, 1.26)
 Phosphate, mmol/l 1.00 (0.88, 1.11) 0.98 (0.87, 1.10) 0.96 (0.91, 1.01)
 25(OH) vitamin D3, ng/ml 22.00 (16.00, 30.00) 12.00 (8.30, 18.00) 12.50 (9.00, 31.30)
 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3, pmol/l 100.00 (76.00, 127.00) 90.00 (67.00, 121.00) 81.50 (72.50, 105.00)
 Total 24,25(OH)2 vitamin D ng/ml 1.65 (0.96, 2.44) 0.37 (0.24, 0.57) 0.12 (0.07, 0.14)
 Intact PTH, ng/l 38.60 (30.40, 49.00) 44.00 (32.00, 59.50) 42.00 (21.40, 45.00)
cFGF23, RU/ml 69.30 (54.20, 94.80) 71.10 (55.20, 111.50) 94.80 (65.70, 236.20)
Urine parameters
 Urinary calcium, mmol/24h 5.20 (3.43, 7.48) 4.51 (2.66, 7.15) 9.52 (6.07, 10.30)
 Fractional excretion of calcium, % 2.72 (1.84, 3.56) 2.66 (1.55, 3.55) 3.59 (2.95, 5.24)
 RSS for calcium oxalate 4.00 (2.00, 7.50) 5.00 (2.70, 8.60) 5.70 (2.60, 7.90)
 RSS for brushite 0.70 (0.30, 2.00) 1.00 (0.30, 3.10) 1.30 (0.40, 4.70)
Relative kidney stone composition ≥ 50%
 Total calcium oxalate 525 (79.4%) 65 (77.4%) 5 (83.3%)
 Calcium oxalate monohydrate 354 (54.4%) 44 (53.7%) 1 (16.7%)
 Calcium oxalate dihydrate 112 (17.2%) 16 (19.5%) 4 (66.7%)
 Total calcium phosphate 76 (11.5%) 14 (16.7%) 1 (16.7%)
 Apatite 53 (8.0%) 9 (10.7%) 1 (16.7%)
 Brushite 12 (1.8%) 3 (3.6%) 0 (0.0%)
 Uric acid 57 (8.6%) 3 (3.6%) 0 (0.0%)
 Cystine 8 (1.2%) 1 (1.2%) 0 (0.0%)

BMD, bone mineral density; BSA, body surface area; cFGF23, C-terminal fibroblast growth factor 23; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration; DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PTH, parathyroid hormone; VMDR, Vitamin D metabolite diagnostic ratio.

Categorical variables are described by number of participants N (%), continuous variables are described by their mean (SD) or median (25th–75th percentile).