Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population based on RC quartiles
| Remnant cholesterol (mmol/L) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| total | Q1 (≤ 0.308) | Q2 (0.309–0.464) | Q3 (0.465–0.699) | Q4 (≥ 0.700) | P value | |
| Number of subjects (n) | 3815 | 933 | 965 | 959 | 958 | |
| Age (years) | 39.78 ± 11.51 | 36.34 ± 11.21 | 38.94 ± 11.73 | 41.37 ± 11.43 | 42.36 ± 10.70 | < 0.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Men | 1905 (49.93%) | 442 (45.80%) | 491 (51.20%) | 583 (60.86%) | 389 (41.69%) | |
| Women | 1910 (50.07%) | 523 (54.20%) | 468 (48.80%) | 375 (39.14%) | 544 (58.31%) | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Mexican American | 580 (15.20%) | 91 (9.75%) | 140 (14.51%) | 163 (17.00%) | 186 (19.42%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 417 (10.93%) | 77 (8.25%) | 94 (9.74%) | 127 (13.24%) | 119 (12.42%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1311 (34.36%) | 312 (33.44%) | 304 (31.50%) | 335 (34.93%) | 360 (37.58%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 791 (20.73%) | 289 (30.98%) | 241 (24.97%) | 165 (17.21%) | 96 (10.02%) | |
| Other Race | 716 (18.77%) | 186 (19.27%) | 169 (17.62%) | 197 (20.56%) | 164 (17.58%) | |
| BMI | 29.15 ± 7.12 | 26.70 ± 6.72 | 28.80 ± 7.12 | 29.99 ± 7.23 | 31.06 ± 6.68 | < 0.001 |
| PIR | 2.50 ± 1.57 | 2.54 ± 1.54 | 2.49 ± 1.60 | 2.50 ± 1.58 | 2.46 ± 1.56 | 0.630 |
| Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| < High school diploma | 717 (18.79%) | 136 (14.58%) | 153 (15.85%) | 199 (20.75%) | 229 (23.90%) | |
| High school diploma | 838 (21.97%) | 193 (20.69%) | 223 (23.11%) | 216 (22.52%) | 206 (21.50%) | |
| ≥Some college | 2260 (59.24%) | 604 (64.74%) | 589 (61.04%) | 544 (56.73%) | 523 (54.59%) | |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.58 ± 1.63 | 4.45 ± 1.36 | 4.52 ± 1.69 | 4.63 ± 1.74 | 4.72 ± 1.68 | 0.002 |
| Serum calcium (mmol/L) | 2.33 ± 0.08 | 2.32 ± 0.08 | 2.33 ± 0.08 | 2.32 ± 0.08 | 2.33 ± 0.08 | 0.038 |
| Serum phosphorus (mmol/L) | 1.18 ± 0.18 | 1.18 ± 0.17 | 1.18 ± 0.18 | 1.17 ± 0.18 | 1.17 ± 0.18 | 0.443 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 71.71 ± 4.27 | 71.47 ± 4.26 | 71.65 ± 4.13 | 71.74 ± 4.35 | 71.97 ± 4.32 | 0.087 |
| Serum uric acid (umol/L) | 319.95 ± 83.24 | 287.26 ± 71.86 | 309.38 ± 75.82 | 330.06 ± 81.30 | 352.31 ± 88.72 | < 0.001 |
| Serum vitamin D (nmol/L) | 61.02 ± 25.18 | 59.67 ± 25.60 | 59.67 ± 24.31 | 61.99 ± 25.65 | 62.73 ± 25.05 | 0.010 |
| 4/5 or more drinks every day, n (%) | 0.072 | |||||
| Yes | 477 (12.50%) | 95 (10.18%) | 127 (13.16%) | 128 (13.35%) | 127 (13.26%) | |
| No | 2647 (69.38%)) | 668 (71.60%) | 644 (66.74%) | 658 (68.61%) | 677 (70.67%) | |
| No reported | 691 (18.11%) | 170 (18.22%) | 194 (20.10%) | 173 (18.04%) | 154 (16.08%) | |
| Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 1524 (39.95%) | 298 (31.94%) | 361 (37.41%) | 397 (41.40%) | 468 (48.85%) | |
| No | 2291 (60.05%) | 635 (68.06%) | 604 (62.59%) | 562 (58.60%) | 490 (51.15%) | |
| Every told you had high blood pressure, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 945 (24.77%) | 147 (15.76%) | 235 (24.35%) | 250 (26.07%) | 313 (32.67%) | |
| No | 2870 (75.23%) | 786 (84.24%) | 730 (75.65%) | 709 (73.93%) | 645 (67.33%) | |
| Doctor told you had high blood diabetes, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 281 (7.37%) | 25 (2.68%) | 55 (5.70%) | 74 (7.72%) | 127 (13.26%) | |
| No | 3449 (90.41%) | 892 (95.61%) | 891 (92.33%) | 854 (89.05%) | 812 (84.76%) | |
| Borderline | 85 (2.23%) | 16 (1.71%) | 19 (1.97%) | 31 (3.23%) | 19 (1.98%) | |
| Days moderate recreational activities in a typical week, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| ≤ 3 | 1054 (27.63%) | 285 (30.55%) | 271 (28.08%) | 257 (26.80%) | 241 (25.16%) | |
| ≥ 4 | 627 (16.44%) | 192 (20.58%) | 173 (17.93%) | 146 (15.22%) | 116 (12.11%) | |
| No reported | 2134 (55.94%) | 456 (48.87%) | 521 (53.99%) | 556 (57.98%) | 601 (62.73%) | |
| Statin use, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 545 (14.29%) | 47 (5.04%) | 109 (11.30%) | 163 (17.00%) | 226 (23.59%) | |
| No | 3270 (85.71%) | 886 (94.96%) | 856 (88.70%) | 796 (83.00%) | 732 (76.41%) | |
| Total spine BMD (g/cm2) | 1.03 ± 0.15 | 1.05 ± 0.15 | 1.04 ± 0.15 | 1.03 ± 0.16 | 1.00 ± 0.14 | < 0.001 |
| Remnant cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.56 ± 0.43 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.38 ± 0.05 | 0.57 ± 0.07 | 1.06 ± 0.57 | < 0.001 |
Mean ± SD for continuous variables: the P value was calculated by the weighted linear regression model. (%) for categorical variables. The P value was calculated by the weighted chi-square test. Abbreviation: BMI: body mass index. PIR: poverty income ratio. BMD: bone mineral density. RC: remnant cholesterol.