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. 2024 May 18;14:11413. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-61932-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Assessment of memory by MWM test. Nic-Eth abstinence impaired the development of spatial memory in rats. This is characterized by reduced slope of the curve in Nic-Eth vs. Vehicle group. CoQ₁₀ treatment, dose dependently reversed the mentioned effects of Nic-Eth abstinence (A). Nic-Eth group displayed reduced time of swimming in the target quadrant vs. the control subjects and this effect was reversed by CoQ₁₀ treatment at the dose 400mg/kg. Furthermore, bupropion-naloxone combination (Nic-Eth-Bup-Nal group) could effectively reverse the effect of Nic-Eth abstinence almost with a potency equal to that of CoQ10 400 mg/kg. Administration of CoQ₁₀ 400 mg/kg in naïve rats caused the most potent ameliorative effect in all experimental groups (B). Abbreviations: Nic: nicotine, Eth: ethanol, CoQ10: Coenzyme Q10, Bup: bupropion, Nal: naloxone and MWM: Morris water maze. P*** < 0.001 vs. Vehicle, P + + < 0.01 and P + + + < 0.001 vs. Nic-Eth. P**** < 0.0001.