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. 2024 May 18;14:11413. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-61932-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Assessment of oxidative profile in hippocampal tissues. In nicotine-ethanol withdrawn rats, concentrations of pro-oxidant markers including MDA and nitrite was increased and this effect was reversed by CoQ10 treatment (A and E). On the contrary, anti-oxidant indices including thiol level and SOD/CAT activity were elevated in hippocampi and again this effect was prevented by CoQ10 administration (B, C and D). It should be noted that for all markers, the effect of CoQ10 at its highest dose (400 mg/kg) was almost equipotential to that of the Bup + Nal and the most potent effect was observed in naïve rats received CoQ10 alone (A–D). Abbreviations: Nic: nicotine, Eth: ethanol, CoQ10: Coenzyme Q10, Bup: bupropion, Nal: naloxone, MDA: malondialdehyde, SOD: superoxide dismutas. P**** < 0.0001.