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. 2024 May 18;15:4228. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-48393-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a The pipeline for PATTERN imaging followed by validation imaging. Partially created with BioRender.com released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en. b 3D-view imaging of the projection map of AI from three directions via PATTERN, striatum (STR), thalamus (TH) and pallidum (PAL). Coronal sections of PATTERN images (c) and confocal images (d) at the injection site (i) and some projection sites (ii–iv). The second row of each modality is the amplification of the signal area (outline with a white box), anterior insular cortex dorsal part (AId), anterior insular cortex ventral part (AIv), caudoputamen (CPu), sybstantia innominata (SI), ectorhinal area (Ect), periehinal cortex (PRh), ventromedial thalamic nucleus (VM), ventrolateral thalamic nucles (VL), zona incerta (ZI) and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD). e The major downstream brain regions diagram of AI, lateral hypothalamic nucleus (LHA), midbrain (MB) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). The 3D and coronal images via PATTERN (f) and LSFM (g) retrosplenial area (RSP), entorhinal cortex (EC), medial mammillary nucleus (MM), hippocampal formation (HPF) and laterodorsal thalamic nucleus (LTN). h The projection map diagram of the connection atlas from the AI, dSub and BLA.