Table 4.

The FDA-approved and clinically developed autophagy inhibitors/ inducers in cancer therapies

Drug	Highest phase	Indications	Identifier	Status
Rapamycin	IV	Non-hodgkin’s lymphoma	NCT01180049	Completed
	IV	Angiomyolipoma	NCT01217125	Completed
	IV	Refractory solid Tumors	NCT02688881	Completed
	IV	Hemangioendothelioma of liver	NCT04406870	Not yet recruiting
Everolimus (RAD001)	Approved	Progressive, well-differentiated non-functional, neuroendocrine tumors of gastrointestinal or lung origin with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic disease	Novartis	/
	Approved	Advanced renal cell carcinoma following one prior antiangiogenic therapy	Novartis	/
	Approved	Advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer in postmenopausal women	Novartis
AZD8055	I	Glioblastoma multiforme, anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, malignant glioma, brainstem glioma	NCT01316809	Completed
	I	Cancer, solid tumors, advanced solid malignancies	NCT00973076	Completed
	I	Solid tumors	NCT00731263	Completed
	I	Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, cancer	NCT00999882	Completed
Chloroquine (CQ)	Approved	Prophylactic treatment of malaria	Bayer	/
	II	Astrocytoma, grade IV, glioblastoma	NCT02432417	Not yet recruiting
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)	Approved	Chronic, discoid or systemic lupus erythematosus and acute or chronic rheumatoid arthritis	/	/
	II	Advanced cancer, pancreatic cancer	NCT04386057	Recruiting
	II	Melanoma	NCT04464759	Recruiting
	II	Breast cancer	NCT04841148	Recruiting
	II	Hepatocellular cancer	NCT03037437	Recruiting
	II	Breast cancer	NCT04523857	Recruiting
	II	Metastatic colorectal cancer	NCT05843188	Recruiting

Source: All the information is derived from ClinicalTrials.gov (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov) and the United States Food and Drug Administration.gov (https://www.fda.gov/)