TABLE 2.
Dietary nutrient intake as recorded in gestation week 25 according to adherence to omnivorous or plant‐based diets.
| Omnivorous (n = 65 872) | Vegetarian fish/poultry (n = 666) | Vegetarian lacto/ovo (n = 182) | Vegan (n = 18) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macronutrients | Mean (standard deviation) | |||
| Energy, MJ/day | 10.4 (2.8) | 9.92 (2.7) | 10.1 (3.2) | 9.7 (2.5) |
| Protein, %E | 15.4 (2.4) | 14.72 (2.5) | 13.32 (2.3) | 10.41 (2.6) |
| Fat, %E | 32.3 (6.1) | 29.92 (6.6) | 29.72 (6.7) | 32.7 (5.7) |
| Carbohydrates, %E | 51.8 (5.9) | 55.12 (6.4) | 56.72 (6.5) | 56.7 (6.1) |
| Fiber, g/day | 27 (9) | 292 (11) | 302 (12) | 30 (11) |
| Micronutrients | Median (10th–90th percentile) | |||
| Retinol, μg/day |
645 (323–1219) |
3982 (210–793) |
424 (198–779) |
4192 (224–1146) |
| Beta‐carotene, μg/day |
2.1 (0.9–5.2) |
3.02 (1.3–9.0) |
3.1 (1.2–9.8) |
2.92 (1.1–1.6) |
| Folic acid, μg/day |
350 (237–498) |
3762 (252–541) |
376 (243–588) |
3792 (224–588) |
| Vitamin B12, μg/day |
6.4 (3.5–10.2) |
5.32 (2.7–9.5) |
4.32 (1.7–8.1) |
1.52 (0.4–6.9) |
| Vitamin D, μg/day |
3.3 (1.7–6.3) |
4.22 (1.5–9.0) |
1.72 (0.8–5.3) |
1.12 (0.3–5.5) |
| Calcium, g/day |
1.4 (0.8–2.1) |
1.32 (0.8–2.1) |
1.5 (0.8–2.2) |
0.92 (0.5–2.1) |
| Iron, mg/day |
11.4 (7.8–15.7) |
11.11 (7.7–15.9) |
11.2 (7.9–16.5) |
11.5 (7.8–17.0) |
| Iodine, μg/day |
268 (162–413) |
270 (149–427) |
275 (114–481) |
2221 (117–312) |
Note: 1 P < 0.05, 2 P < 0.01: t‐test for all macronutrients, otherwise Mann–Whitney test.