Fig. 3.

Cd exposure evokes mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction. HK-2 cells were co-cultivated with CdCl₂ (10 μM) for 24 h. (A and B) Mitochondrial oxidized lipids were determined by MitoPeDPP. (A) Representative pictures. (B) Statistical analysis. (C and D) Mitochondrial oxidized lipids were evaluated by flow cytometry. (C) Representative pictures. (D) Quantitative analysis. (E and F) MMPs were detected by JC-1 staining. (E) Representative images. (F) Statistical analysis. (G) Co-localization of 4-HNE with TOM20. (H–K) CdCl₂ (2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into adult BALB/c male mice. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was evaluated by electron microscopy. (H) The integrity of mitochondrial membrane. Arrow indicates mitochondrial membrane rupture. (I–K) Mitochondrial area and cristae were analyzed. (I) Representative pictures. (J) Cristae number per mitochondrion. (K) Mitochondrial area. All data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. (N = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.