Fig. 6.

Pretreatment with NMN attenuates Cd-induced mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in HK-2 cells. HK-2 cells were co-cultivated with CdCl₂ (10 μM) for 24 h. Some HK-2 cells were pretreated with NMN (1 mM) for 2 h before Cd exposure. (A and B) Mitochondrial oxidized lipids were measured using confocal microscopy. (A) Representative pictures. (B) Statistical analysis. (C and D) Mitochondrial oxidized lipids were evaluated using flow cytometry. (C) Representative pictures. (D) Statistical analysis. (E) Co-localization of 4-HNE with TOM20 was evaluated using immunofluorescence. (F and G) Oxidized lipids were measured by C11-BODIPY staining. (F) Representative pictures. (G) Statistical analysis. (H and I) MMPs were detected using JC-1 staining. (H) Representative pictures. (I) Statistical analysis. All data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. (N = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.