Table 2.
Association of Demographic and Health Characteristics with Medicare Advantage Enrollment in 2006–2009, 2000–2005 and 2006–2009 Compared to 2000–2005.a
| 2006–2009 | 2000–2005 | 2006–2009 Compared to 2000–2005 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Difference (SE) | Difference (SE) | Difference-in-Difference (SE) | |
| Sex (Relative to Men) | |||
| Women | −3.6 (2.9) | 4.3 (1.0)e | −7.9 (3.2)d |
| Race/Ethnicity (Relative to Non-Hispanic White) | |||
| Hispanic | 1.8 (5.6) | 5.8 (2.3)e | −4.0 (6.3) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.8 (4.6) | −1.8 (1.9) | 0.0 (5.2) |
| Education (Relative to Post High School Degree) | |||
| <High School (HS) Degree | 7.4 (4.5)c | 4.1 (1.9)d | 3.3 (4.9) |
| HS Degree/GED/Some College | 4.6 (3.1) | 4.0 (1.2)e | 0.6 (3.3) |
| Family Income as Percentage of Federal Poverty Level (FPL) (Relative to ≥400% FPL) | |||
| <200% FPL | −2.5 (4.2) | 0.0 (1.7) | −2.5 (4.7) |
| 200–399% FPL | 3.7 (3.1) | 1.4 (1.3) | 2.3 (3.6) |
| Residence (Relative to Urban) | |||
| Rural | −2.4 (3.1) | −5.2 (1.2)e | 2.8 (3.3) |
| Region (Relative to South) | |||
| Northeast | 7.2 (3.4)d | 5.5 (1.5)e | 1.7 (3.8) |
| Midwest | −0.4 (3.2) | 1.2 (1.3) | −1.6 (3.5) |
| West | 14.4 (4.0)e | 11.5 (1.9)e | 2.9 (4.1) |
| Pre-Medicare Insurance (Relative to Private Insurance or Military Coverage) | |||
| Private – Health Maintenance Organization | 22.8 (3.7)e | 17.4 (1.6)e | 5.4 (3.8) |
| No Coverage / Medicaid | 8.1 (4.5)c | 1.5 (1.4) | 6.6 (4.6) |
| Self-Reported Disease/Conditions (Relative to None) b | |||
| ≥1 | −7.5 (3.0)e | −0.6 (1.2) | −6.9 (3.3)d |
| Self-Reported Health Status (Relative to Good/Very Good/Excellent) | |||
| Fair/Poor | −2.6 (4.4) | −1.6 (1.5) | −1.0 (4.8) |
| Current Smoker (Relative to No) | |||
| Yes | −3.5 (3.4) | 0.2 (1.5) | −3.7 (3.8) |
| Current Alcohol Use | |||
| Yes | 0.5 (2.8) | 1.8 (1.2) | −2.3 (3.1) |
| Medical Visits in Past 12 Months (Relative to 0–3) | |||
| ≥4 | 0.8 (2.9) | 1.9 (1.2)d | −2.7 (3.3) |
| Hospitalization in Past 12 Months (Relative to No) | |||
| Yes | 1.5 (4.8) | −1.0 (1.7) | 2.5 (5.1) |
Study population limited to National Health Interview Survey participants (2001–2005) aged 60–64 years with 6 months of Medicare enrollment data (2006–2009) upon turning 65. All figures are weighted. SE stands for standard error. GED stands for General Educational Development tests. FPL stands for Federal poverty level. The table reports marginal effects from logit models predicting Medicare Advantage enrollment in 2006–2009 (first column) and 2000–2005 (second column). Differences and standards errors in the final column are marginal effects from a logit model pooling data from 2000–2005 and 2006–2009 and including interactions between each independent variable and a dichotomous variable indicating data coming from the latter period. The standard errors are those associated with the appropriate interactions. Because there were so few participants (n=38) with a race/ethnicity in the “all other races and ethnicities” category, they were recoded into the white non-Hispanic category in our multivariate models.
The presence of a chronic condition includes any self-report of diabetes, cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer), hypertension (if diagnosed on more than one occasion), myocardial infarction, stroke, angina, or coronary heart disease, emphysema, chronic kidney problems, liver disease, or asthma.
indicate that Medicare Advantage enrollment is statistically significantly different relative to the reference group at the 10, 5, or 1 percent levels, respectively.