The ROS-responsive nanoparticles bind to Huc-MSCs by the Tz-A6 peptide. (a) Tz-A6 peptide was tested for its effect on cell viability in Huc-MSCs (n = 6, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc tests). (b) Rescue of RSL3-induced ferroptosis in Huc-MSCs by ROS Nano@Feb-1 rescue (n = 6 one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc tests, ***P < 0.001). (c) Rescue of RSL3-induced ferroptosis in Huc-MSCs by ROS Nano@Feb-1 and Tz-A6 peptide (n = 6, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc tests, ****P < 0.0001). (d–e) Different concentrations of Tz-A6 peptide were incubated and then added to 1 μM TCO-BDP for staining. Cellular fluorescence increased with increasing concentrations of Tz-A6 peptide; low magnification: scale bar = 200 μm; high magnification: scale bar = 50 μm (n = 14, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc tests, ****P < 0.0001). (f–g) After incubation of cells with Tz-A6 peptide at a concentration of 1 μM, ROS Nano@Feb-1 was added at a Feb-1 concentration of 0.1 nM. The results showed that lower concentrations of ROS Nano@Feb-1 in the presence of Tz-A6 peptide rescued RSL3-induced decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential; scale bar = 400 μm. (n = 12, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc tests, **P < 0.01). (h–i) ROS Nano@DID (red) was used to label nanoparticles and phalloidin-YF488 (green) was used to label the cytoskeleton; scale bar = 20 μm. (n = 6, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc tests, ****P < 0.0001).