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. 2024 May 20;11:30. doi: 10.1186/s40779-024-00533-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Experimental periodontitis promoted BPH development in rat prostate tissues. a Flowchart of experiment periodontitis and BPH rat model establishment. b Photographs of ventral prostate, bladder, and seminal vesicle from the healthy, sham, EP, P.g, T-BPH and EP + BPH groups. c Histogram of prostate weight index (prostate weight of each animal/body weight of each animal) × 1000. d Representative figures from HE staining and Masson’s trichrome staining for the prostate tissues. (original magnification ×200). e Bar graph for area percentage of epithelia from the groups. f Bar graph for area percentage of SM and CF from the groups. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001. EP ligature-induced experimental periodontitis group, P.g Porphyromonas gingivalis induced BPH group, T-BPH testosterone-induced BPH group, EP + BPH composite group of EP and BPH, HE hematoxylin and eosin, SM smooth muscle, CF collagen fibers