COR	LOE	RECOMMENDATIONS
1	B-NR	1. In patients with AF, beta blockers or nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil) are recommended for long-term rate control with the choice of agent according to underlying substrate and comorbid conditions.1,2
2a	B-NR	2. For patients with AF in whom measuring serum digoxin levels is indicated, it is reasonable to target levels <1.2 ng/mL.3-6
2a	B-R	3. In patients with AF and HF symptoms, digoxin is reasonable for long-term rate control in combination with other rate-controlling agents, or as monotherapy if other agents are not preferred, not tolerated, or contraindicated.7-9
3: Harm	C-LD	4. In patients with AF and LVEF <40%, nondihydropyridine calcium channel-blocking drugs should not be administered given their potential to exacerbate HF.10,11
3: Harm	B-R	5. In patients with permanent AF who have risk factors for cardiovascular events, dronedarone should not be used for long-term rate control.12