Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for the Yale health system and UK Biobank cohorts
| Yale health system cohort | UKB cohort | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anatomical | Functional | SMD | Anatomical | Functional | SMD | |
| Total counts | 4020 | 130 196 | — | 581 | 3320 | — |
| Type of functional test | — | |||||
| Stress echo | 0 (0.0) | 33 537 (25.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1657 (49.9) | — | |
| Nuclear MPI | 0 | 59 825 (46.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1572 (47.3) | ||
| Stress CMR | 0 (0.0) | 265 (0.2) | — | — | ||
| Exercise treadmill test | 0 (0.0) | 36 569 (28.1) | 0 (0.0) | 91 (2.7) | ||
| Age (years) | 58.5 (16.1) | 61.0 (14.0) | 0.165 | 66.2 (8.3) | 65.9 (7.8) | 0.045 |
| Female (sex) | 1853 (46.1) | 63 506 (48.8) | 0.054 | 262 (45.1) | 1621 (48.8) | 0.075 |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 447 (11.1) | 12 687 (9.7) | 0.054 | — | — | — |
| Race/ethnic background | 0.058 | 0.082 | ||||
| White | 2991 (74.4) | 100 015 (76.8) | 548 (94.3) | 3101 (93.4) | ||
| Asian | 96 (2.4) | 3055 (2.3) | 15 (2.6) | 95 (2.9) | ||
| Black | 477 (11.9) | 13 750 (10.6) | 10 (1.7) | 45 (1.4) | ||
| Other/unknown | 456 (11.3) | 13 376 (10.3) | 7 (1.2) | 71 (2.1) | ||
| Mixed | 1 (0.2) | 8 (0.2) | ||||
| Hypertension | 1214 (30.2) | 50 178 (38.5) | 0.176 | 298 (51.3) | 1472 (44.3) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 306 (7.6) | 13 755 (10.6) | 0.103 | 95 (16.4) | 489 (14.7) | 0.045 |
| Prior ischaemic heart disease (incl. PCI/CABG) | 184 (4.6) | 8316 (6.4) | 0.08 | 250 (43.0) | 1380 (41.6) | 0.03 |
| Prior AMI | 43 (1.1) | 1215 (0.9) | 0.014 | 9 (1.5) | 19 (0.6) | 0.095 |
| Stroke | 174 (4.3) | 3823 (2.9) | 0.074 | 52 (9.0) | 122 (3.7) | 0.218 |
| CKD | 58 (1.4) | 2612 (2.0) | 0.043 | 47 (8.1) | 183 (5.5) | 0.103 |
| PAD | 3 (0.1) | 54 (0.0) | 0.014 | 14 (2.4) | 47 (1.4) | 0.073 |
| Active smoking | 8 (0.2) | 422 (0.3) | 0.024 | 70 (12.0) | 412 (12.4) | 0.011 |
| Former smoking | 124 (3.1) | 3919 (3.0) | 0.004 | 253 (43.5) | 1398 (42.1) | 0.029 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 177 (47) | 179 (44) | 0.049 | 209 (47) | 211 (50) | 0.032 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 53 (19) | 55 (19) | 0.086 | 52 (15) | 52 (14) | 0.007 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.3 (6.6) | 30.0 (7.0) | 0.102 | 28.4 (5.0) | 28.8 (5.2) | 0.083 |
| Beta-blockers | 1245 (31.0) | 36 994 (28.4) | 0.056 | 103 (17.7) | 689 (20.8) | 0.077 |
| Statin use | 1184 (29.5) | 51 389 (39.5) | 0.212 | 214 (36.8) | 1353 (40.8) | 0.081 |
| Anti-platelet use | 629 (15.6) | 30 054 (23.1) | 0.189 | 187 (32.2) | 1219 (36.7) | 0.095 |
Variables are summarized as mean (standard deviation) or counts (valid percentages, %) as appropriate.
AMI, acute myocardial infarction; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CKD, chronic kidney disease; MPI, myocardial perfusion imaging; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SMD, standardized mean difference; UKB, UK Biobank.