Fig. 1.

Mechanisms involved in the degeneration of Parkinson’s disease. DA cell death may be caused by oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and α-synuclein aggregates. However, there is some controversy about how these mechanisms can be activated. Risk factors like genetics, age-related, and surrounding environment are well accepted. Still, the influence of glial cells in these processes is poorly understood and it is still unclear whether these cells are key players in the disease protection or progression. ROS production occurs through the auto-oxidation process of DA, resulting in significant amounts of H₂O₂ that can further interact with metal ions like iron, leading to DAn generation