Table 1.

Metabolic and autophagy-related targets of miR-378a

miR-378a strand	Target genes	Model	Function	Mechanism of action	References
Liver
-3p	Crat	HFD, Mouse, KO	Mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism	↓ Mitochondrial oxidative capacity ↓ Fatty acid oxidation	[17]
-5p	Med13	HFD, Mouse, KO	Mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism	↓ Mitochondrial oxidative capacity ↓ Energy homeostasis	[17]
-3p	Prkag2	Chow Diet, HFD, Mouse; Human	Hepatic lipid metabolism	↓ AMPK-signalling pathway	[40]
-3p	Gli3	CCl4-treated mice, HSC cells, LSEC cells; Human	Hepatic lipid metabolism	↓ Hedgehog-signalling pathway	[41]
-3p	p110α	Mouse (ob/ob), KO	Glucose and lipid metabolism, hepatic insulin signalling	↑ Hepatic gluconeogenesis ↓ PI3K/AKT-signalling pathway	[12]
-3p	Nrf1	HFD, Mouse, Hepa1-6 cells	Mitochondrial metabolism, hepatic lipid metabolism	↓ Fatty acid oxidation	[38, 39]
Skeletal muscle
-3p	Akt1	HFD, Mouse, C2C12 cells	Energy and glucose metabolism	↑ AKT1/FOXO1/PEPCK pathway ↑ Pyruvate-PEP futile cycle	[13]
-3p	Casp9	Mouse, KO, C2C12 cells	Apoptosis	↓ Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis	[14]
-3p	Pdk1	Mouse, KO, C2C12 cells	Autophagy	↓ AKT-signalling pathway	[14]
Adipose tissue
-3p	Pde1b	HFD, Mouse, Mouse (ob/ob)	Adipogenesis	↑ Brown preadipocytes differentiation	[22]
-3p	Scd1	HFD, Mouse, 3T3-L1 cells	Lipogenesis	↑ Lipolysis	[13]
Heart
-3p	Ldha	Mouse, H9c2 cells	Cell proliferation, energy metabolism	↓ Cell proliferation and survival	[32]
-3p	IGF1R	Mouse, H9c2 cells	Apoptosis	↓ AKT-signalling pathway	[63]
mitomiR-378a-3p	ATP6	Mouse, Mouse (db/db), HL-1 cells; Human	Mitochondrial metabolism	↓ ATP synthase activity	[8, 9]

ATP6 ATP synthase F_O subunit 6, CASP9 caspase-9, CRAT carnitine-O-acetyltransferase, IGF1R insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, LDHA lactate dehydrogenase A, MED13 mediator complex subunit 13, NRF-1 nuclear respiratory factor-1, P110α phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha, PDK1 phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, PDE1B phosphodiesterase 1B, PRKAG2 protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 2, SCD1 stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1