Table 1.

Glycolytic enzymes are overexpressed in various types of cancer

Glycolytic enzyme	Organs with overexpression	Promote metastasis	References
Hexokinase 2 (HK2)	Colon, brain, tongue, liver, pancreas	Colon, brain, tongue, liver, pancreas	[135, 136]
Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA)	Lung, ovary, pancreas	Lung, ovary, pancreas	[32, 50, 137–139]
Phosphoglucose isomerase/Autocrine motility factor (PGI/AMF)	Breast, pancreas	Skin, brain, breast, fibroblast, pancreas	[15, 140–147]
6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3)	Lung, bone marrow, colon, nasopharynx, stomach, breast, brain, pancreas	Nasopharynx, stomach, breast, pancreas	[56, 57, 60, 82, 83, 148–150]
6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB4)	Stomach, prostate, liver, bladder, breast, pancreas	Prostate, breast	[57, 58, 60, 151–153]
TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) [attenuates glycolysis]	Colon, brain, breast, bone marrow, nasopharynx, lung, pancreas	Nasopharynx, lung	[40, 154–160]

Multiple glycolytic enzymes are highly expressed in malignancies in many organs and metastatic subclones, including PDAC. In addition to the glycolytic enzymes listed above, ENO1, PKM2 and ALDOA are overexpressed in PDAC and also promote metastasis