Table 1.
Glycolytic enzyme | Organs with overexpression | Promote metastasis | References |
---|---|---|---|
Hexokinase 2 (HK2) | Colon, brain, tongue, liver, pancreas | Colon, brain, tongue, liver, pancreas | [135, 136] |
Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) | Lung, ovary, pancreas | Lung, ovary, pancreas | [32, 50, 137–139] |
Phosphoglucose isomerase/Autocrine motility factor (PGI/AMF) | Breast, pancreas | Skin, brain, breast, fibroblast, pancreas | [15, 140–147] |
6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) | Lung, bone marrow, colon, nasopharynx, stomach, breast, brain, pancreas | Nasopharynx, stomach, breast, pancreas | [56, 57, 60, 82, 83, 148–150] |
6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB4) | Stomach, prostate, liver, bladder, breast, pancreas | Prostate, breast | [57, 58, 60, 151–153] |
TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) [attenuates glycolysis] | Colon, brain, breast, bone marrow, nasopharynx, lung, pancreas | Nasopharynx, lung | [40, 154–160] |
Multiple glycolytic enzymes are highly expressed in malignancies in many organs and metastatic subclones, including PDAC. In addition to the glycolytic enzymes listed above, ENO1, PKM2 and ALDOA are overexpressed in PDAC and also promote metastasis