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ROS activate RAS and PI3/AKT signaling pathways. Growth factor receptor signaling can generate ROS through growth factors, NOXs and mitochondria. ROS can activate RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade either though inactivation of phosphatases such as PTEN or PTP at cysteine residues or by direct oxidation of kinases. Other mechanisms by which ROS induce cellular signaling are through activation NF-kB signaling
