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ROS-dependent STAT3 pathway in metastasis and drug resistance. Growth factors, ionizing radiation, mitochondria and NOX4 result in the production of intracellular ROS. ROS activate cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblast cells to secrete IL-6. IL-6 activates the STAT3 pathway and promotes tumor metastasis, resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and CSC self-renewal
