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Mitochondrial ROS in hypoxia and angiogenesis. In oxygen-rich conditions, HIF-1α forms complex with VHL with the help of PHD2. This results in ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of the complex. On the other hand, mROS can cause the depletion of oxygen levels and inhibition of PHD2 activity resulting in HIF-1 α stabilization, by forming a dimer with HIF-1β. This dimer moves to the nucleus and results in transcriptional activation of VEGF, EPO
