Fig. 3.

The two strategies of loading ncRNAs into exosomes. It is promising to use engineered exosomes to deliver anti-tumor ncRNAs to treat HCC. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are most frequently used cells to produce exosomes in the studies. We can use vectors that contain ncRNAs to transfect MSCs, and MSCs can package the ncRNAs into secreted exosomes. Additionally, we can also use electroporation to actively load ncRNAs into MSC-derived exosomes. In assays, researches have observed that the engineered exosome-containing anti-tumor ncRNAs can inhibit tumor growth