Table 1.

The mutations, expression and clinical implication of CFTR in different cancers

Cancer type	Expression, Methylation and Polymorphisms	Clinical implication	Citations
Reproduction system
Ovarian cancer	Up-regulation	High CFTR expression is correlated with advanced stage, poor histological grades and high CA-125	Xu et al. [47] and Zhu et al. [46]
Endometrial carcinoma	Up-regulation	Unknown	Xia et al. [50]
Cervical cancer	Up-regulation	The combination of CFTR and NF-κB is positively associated with stage, histological grade, lymph node metastasis, and invasive interstitial depth	Peng et al. [49], Wu et al. [143] and Royse et al. [48]
Breast cancer	DeltaF508 carrier related to higher grade III (1) Down-regulation (2)	Low mRNA expression is correlated with poor prognosis	(1) Southey et al. [183] (2) Zhang et al. [76]
Prostate cancer	IVS8-5T allele protects against prostate cancer (1) Hyper-methylation (2) Down-regulation (3)	CFTR methylation indicates the population at higher risk of therapeutic failure	(1) Qiao et al. [35] (2) Ashour et al. [21] (3) Xie et al. [41]
Respiratory system
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	Down-regulation	CFTR protein expression is positively correlated with survival	Tu et al. [37]
Lung cancer	DeltaF508 deletion is found in 1/9 lung cancer patients(1) CFTR deletion carrier protects against lung cancer (2) Down-regulation(3) Hyper-methylated(4)	CFTR methylation is correlated with worse survival in young patients Low mRNA expression is correlated with advanced staging, metastasis and poor prognosis	(1) Jung et al. [189] (2) Li et al. [36] (3) Son et al. [20], Li et al. [43] and Tian et al. [42] (4) Son et al. [20]
Urinary system
Bladder cancer	Hyper-methylation	Unknown	Yu et al. [22] and Zhao et al. [44]
Endocrine system
Papillary thyroid cancer	Promoter SNP (Rs4148682, rs213950)	Unknown	Oh et al. [190]
Digestive system
Esophageal adenocarcinoma	A risk loci is within or near CFTR	Unknown	Gharahkhani et al. [191]
Hepatocellular carcinoma	Hyper-methylation	Unknown	Ding et al. [23] and Moribe et al. [38]
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma	CFTR mutations is not significantly different in patients (1) CFTR mutation is a risk factor for smokers and young patients (2)	Unknown	(1) Malats et al. [192], Matsubayashi et al. [193], Piepoli et al. [194] and Schubert et al. [195] (2) McWilliams et al. [30], McWilliams et al. [196] and Hamoir et al. [197]
Gastric cancer	Up-regulated in advanced stage	Serum level of CFTR, along with CD199 and CEA, can be diagnosis factors	Suh et al. [45] and Liu et al. [184]
Colorectal cancer	Down-regulation	CFTR mRNA expression is positively correlated with survival Independent prognostic determinant	Sun et al. [39] and Than et al. [40]