Table 1.

Summary of trans-splicing events identified in human

Trans-splicing	Biological function	Cell types	Validation				Read through	References
			RT-PCR	Sequencing	Northern, RPA Western or FISH	Genome rearrangement
TMEM79-SMG5	Cancer marker	LNCaP cells Cancer tissue	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	[111]
TSNAX-DISC1	Cell growth	Endometrial carcinomas	Yes	Yes	Western	No	Unknown	[112]
hER-α	May modulate hER-αbinding	MCF7, T47D, ZR75, cells, mammary gland, ovary, liver, endometrium	Yes	Yes	RPA	No	–	[113]
SP1	May modulate the activity of SP1	Hep2 cells	Yes	Yes	RPA	No	–	[114]
RGS12TS	Induction of nuclear abnormalities	COS-7, HEK293T cells	Yes	Yes	Western	No	–	[115]
PAX3-FOXO1	Activates MYOD and MYOG	Rhabdomyosarcoma	Yes	Yes	FISH, Western	No	No	[116, 117]
PJA2-FER	Cancer maker	Non-small cell lung cancer	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	[118]
JAZF1-JJAZ1	Anti-apoptotic	Endometrial stromal cells	Yes	Yes	FISH	No	No	[25]
ZC3HAV1l-CHMP1A	Onset of chromosomal translocation	Mammary epithelial cells	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	[119]
AF4, AF9, ELL, ENL, MLL	Onset of chromosomal translocation	PBMCs	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	[120]
CYP3A43-3A4 CYP3A43-3A5	May alter cellular location	HepG2 cells and normal Liver tissue.	Yes	Yes	RPA	No	No	[121]
CYCLIND1-TROP2	Cell growth	OVCA-432, MCF7 cells	Yes	Yes	Northern, RPA	No	No	[122]
CoAA-RBM4	Regulates CoAA activity	Wild range of cell lines and normal tissues	Yes	Yes	Western	Unknown	Unknown	[123]
CDC2L2	Unknown	Testis	Yes	No	FISH	Unknown	–	[124]
CAMK2G-SRP72	Unknown	Islet cells	Yes	Yes	Western	Unknown	No	[125]
ACAT1-Amp	Unknown	THP-1, HEK293 cells	Yes	Yes	Northern	Unknown	No	[126–128]
SLC45A3-ELK4	Cancer maker	(Benign) prostate cancer tissues and LNCaP cells	Yes	Yes	FISH	No	No	[124]
tsRMST	Pluripotency maintenance	hESCs	Yes	Yes	RPA	No	No	[5]

RPA RNase protection assay