Fig. 3.

Cellular events that are modulated by lncRNAs. LncRNAs regulate cellular mechanisms by epigenetic modification, transcription regulation, small ncRNA processing, and post-transcriptional regulation. Epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation and histone modifications. Transcriptional regulation includes protein–protein interactions that might affect transcription, transcriptional activation/inhibition, and nuclear localization of transcription factors. Small ncRNA processing, additionally, also involves splicing of lncRNA into siRNA by DICER. Post-transcriptional regulation includes alternate splicing, mRNA stability, miRNA sequestration, mRNA degradation, and translational inhibition