Table 2.
Association of fast-food intake with child weight status, according to sex and categorisation as normal weight or obese*, among children aged 9·00–11·99 years (n 1023), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, December 2015–March 2016
| Boys | Girls | All children | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal weight | Obese | Normal weight | Obese | Normal weight | Obese | ||||||||||||||||
| Child’s fast-food intake habits | n | % | n | % | P value | OR | 95 % CI | n | % | n | % | P value | OR | 95 % CI | n | % | n | % | P value | OR | 95 % CI |
| Frequency of eating fast food | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Rarely or none | 62 | 26·3 | 26 | 11·2 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. | 104 | 36·0 | 61 | 23·0 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. | 166 | 30·9 | 87 | 17·5 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| 1 to 2 times/week | 151 | 63·9 | 142 | 61·2 | 2·24 | 1·34, 3·74 | 172 | 58·2 | 168 | 63·4 | 1·66 | 1·13, 2·43 | 323 | 61·3 | 310 | 62·4 | 1·83 | 1·35, 2·47 | |||
| 3 to 4 times/week | 21 | 8·9 | 63 | 27·2 | 7·15 | 3·64, 14·02 | 12 | 4·1 | 30 | 11·3 | 4·26 | 2·03, 8·93 | 33 | 6·3 | 93 | 18·7 | 5·37 | 3·34, 8·64 | |||
| 5 to 6 times/week | 2 | 0·9 | 1 | 0·4 | 1·19 | 0·10, 13·73 | 2 | 0·7 | 6 | 2·3 | 5·11 | 1·00, 26·13 | 4 | 0·8 | 7 | 1·4 | 3·33 | 0·95, 11·72 | |||
| Daily | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Eating fast food weekly outside home | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 116 | 49·2 | 184 | 79·3 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. | 162 | 55·8 | 169 | 63·8 | 0·058 | 1·00 | Ref. | 278 | 52·9 | 353 | 71·0 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| No | 120 | 50·8 | 48 | 20·7 | 0·25 | 0·16, 0·37 | 128 | 44·2 | 96 | 36·2 | 0·71 | 0·51, 1·01 | 248 | 47·1 | 144 | 29·0 | 0·45 | 0·35, 0·59 | |||
| Frequency of eating outside home | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Rarely | 61 | 25·8 | 58 | 25·0 | 0·001 | 1·00 | Ref. | 93 | 31·9 | 90 | 33·8 | 0·032 | 1·00 | Ref. | 154 | 28·8 | 148 | 29·4 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| 1 to 2 times/week | 55 | 23·3 | 121 | 52·2 | 2·31 | 1·43, 3·74 | 69 | 23·2 | 72 | 27·1 | 1·06 | 0·68, 1·65 | 124 | 23·2 | 193 | 39·6 | 1·60 | 1·16, 2·21 | |||
| 3 to 4 times/week | 0 | 5 | 2·2 | 0·000 | 0 | 7 | 2·7 | 0·000 | 0 | 12 | 2·4 | 0·000 | |||||||||
| 5 to 6 times/week | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Daily | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Eating fast food weekly inside home | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Ye | 209 | 88·6 | 206 | 88·8 | 0·936 | 1·00 | Ref. | 255 | 87·9 | 246 | 92·8 | 0·052 | 1·00 | Ref. | 464 | 88·2 | 452 | 90·9 | 0·153 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| No | 27 | 11·4 | 26 | 11·2 | 0·97 | 0·55, 1·73 | 35 | 14·5 | 19 | 7·2 | 0·56 | 0·31, 1·01 | 62 | 11·8 | 45 | 9·1 | 0·74 | 0·49, 1·11 | |||
| Frequency of eating inside home | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Rarely | 73 | 31·0 | 32 | 13·8 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. | 94 | 32·4 | 57 | 21·5 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. | 167 | 31·7 | 89 | 17·9 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| 1 to 2 times/week | 120 | 50·8 | 145 | 62·5 | 2·75 | 1·70, 4·45 | 155 | 53·3 | 166 | 62·6 | 1·76 | 1·19, 2·62 | 275 | 52·0 | 311 | 62·6 | 2·12 | 1·56, 2·87 | |||
| 3 to 4 times/week | 16 | 6·8 | 28 | 12·1 | 3·99 | 1·90, 8·381 | 5 | 1·7 | 19 | 7·2 | 6·26 | 2·21, 17·70 | 21 | 5·1 | 47 | 9·5 | 4·20 | 2·36, 7·46 | |||
| 5 to 6 times/week | 0 | 1 | 0·4 | 0·000 | 1 | 0·3 | 4 | 1·5 | 6·59 | 0·71, 60·48 | 1 | 0·2 | 5 | 1·0 | 9·38 | 1·07, 81·54 | |||||
| Daily | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Portion size (burger/wrap, etc.) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Don’t eat | 7 | 3·0 | 5 | 2·2 | 0·202 | 1·00 | Ref. | 16 | 5·5 | 15 | 5·7 | 0·063 | 1·00 | Ref. | 23 | 4·4 | 20 | 4·0 | 0·038 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Regular | 218 | 92·4 | 207 | 89·2 | 1·32 | 0·41, 4·25 | 274 | 94·5 | 245 | 92·5 | 0·95 | 0·46, 1·9 | 492 | 93·5 | 452 | 90·9 | 1·05 | 0·57, 1·95 | |||
| Double/supersize | 11 | 4·7 | 20 | 8·6 | 2·54 | 0·65, 9·95 | 0 | 5 | 1·9 | 0·000 | 11 | 2·1 | 25 | 5·0 | 2·61 | 1·03, 6·61 | |||||
| Size of French fries preferred | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Don’t eat | 13 | 5·5 | 4 | 1·7 | 0·001 | 1·00 | Ref. | 14 | 4·8 | 16 | 6·0 | 0·042 | 1·00 | Ref. | 27 | 5·1 | 20 | 4·0 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Regular | 218 | 92·4 | 208 | 89·7 | 3·10 | 0·99, 9·66 | 272 | 93·8 | 236 | 89·1 | 0·75 | 0·36, 1·58 | 490 | 93·2 | 444 | 89·3 | 1·22 | 0·67, 2·21 | |||
| Double/supersize | 5 | 2·1 | 20 | 8·6 | 13·00 | 2·93, 57·60 | 4 | 1·4 | 13 | 4·9 | 2·84 | 0·75, 10·75 | 9 | 1·7 | 33 | 6·6 | 4·95 | 1·94, 12·63 | |||
| Size of soft drinks preferred | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Don’t drink | 45 | 19·1 | 26 | 11·2 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. | 88 | 30·4 | 72 | 27·2 | 0·112 | 1·00 | Ref. | 133 | 25·2 | 98 | 19·7 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Kid’s size (200 ml) | 81 | 34·3 | 45 | 19·4 | 0·96 | 0·52, 1·76 | 105 | 36·2 | 79 | 29·8 | 0·92 | 0·60, 1·40 | 186 | 35·4 | 124 | 24·9 | 0·90 | 0·64, 1·27 | |||
| Small (250 ml=1 cup) | 78 | 33·1 | 104 | 44·8 | 2·30 | 1·31, 4·06 | 73 | 25·2 | 76 | 28·7 | 1·27 | 0·81, 1·99 | 151 | 28·7 | 180 | 36·2 | 1·61 | 1·15, 2·27 | |||
| Medium (400 ml) | 31 | 13·1 | 50 | 21·6 | 2·79 | 1·44, 5·39 | 23 | 7·9 | 37 | 14·0 | 1·96 | 1·07, 3·60 | 54 | 10·3 | 87 | 17·5 | 2·18 | 1·42, 3·35 | |||
| Large (600 ml) | 1 | 0·4 | 7 | 3·0 | 12·11 | 1·41, 104·02 | 1 | 0·3 | 1 | 0·4 | 1·22 | 0·07, 19·88 | 2 | 0·4 | 8 | 1·6 | 5·42 | 1·12, 26·12 | |||
Ref., reference category.
Significant P values, OR and 95 % CI indicated in bold font.
*
Normal weight defined as ≥25th and ≤75th percentile and obese defined as ≥95th percentile of BMI-for-age percentile based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data( 16 ).