Table 3.
Association of parent behaviours for child’s intake from fast-food restaurants with child weight status, according to sex and categorisation as normal weight or obese*, among children aged 9·00–11·99 years (n 1023), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, December 2015–March 2016
| Boys | Girls | All children | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal weight | Obese | Normal weight | Obese | Normal weight | Obese | ||||||||||||||||
| Parent behaviours for child’s intake from fast-food restaurants | n | % | n | % | P value | OR | 95 % CI | n | % | n | % | P value | OR | 95 % CI | n | % | n | % | P value | OR | 95 % CI |
| Family normally eats fast-food meal together | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Don’t eat | 11 | 4·7 | 5 | 2·2 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. | 24 | 8·3 | 18 | 6·8 | 0·769 | 1·00 | Ref. | 35 | 6·7 | 23 | 4·6 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Yes | 196 | 83·1 | 154 | 66·4 | 1·73 | 0·58, 5·08 | 237 | 81·7 | 218 | 82·3 | 1·22 | 0·64, 2·32 | 433 | 82·3 | 372 | 74·8 | 1·30 | 0·75, 2·25 | |||
| No | 29 | 12·3 | 73 | 31·5 | 5·53 | 1·76, 17·33 | 29 | 10·0 | 29 | 10·9 | 1·33 | 0·60, 2·96 | 58 | 11·0 | 102 | 20·5 | 2·67 | 1·44, 4·96 | |||
| Who normally orders the fast-food meal | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Don’t order | 8 | 3·4 | 8 | 3·4 | 0·000 | 2·20 | 0·64, 7·54 | 20 | 6·9 | 20 | 7·4 | 0·072 | 1·00 | Ref. | 28 | 5·3 | 28 | 5·7 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Child’s mother | 88 | 37·3 | 68 | 29·3 | 1·70 | 0·75, 3·82 | 70 | 24·1 | 81 | 30·6 | 1·15 | 0·57, 2·32 | 158 | 30·0 | 149 | 30·0 | 0·94 | 0·53, 1·66 | |||
| Child’s father | 78 | 33·1 | 58 | 25·0 | 1·63 | 0·72, 3·71 | 140 | 48·3 | 125 | 47·2 | 0·89 | 0·45, 1·73 | 218 | 41·4 | 183 | 36·8 | 0·83 | 048, 1·46 | |||
| Child him/herself | 40 | 16·9 | 88 | 37·9 | 4·84 | 2·09, 11·16 | 33 | 11·4 | 29 | 10·8 | 0·87 | 0·39, 1·94 | 73 | 13·8 | 117 | 23·5 | 1·60 | 0·88, 2·92 | |||
| Others | 22 | 9·3 | 10 | 3·3 | 1·00 | Ref. | 27 | 9·3 | 10 | 3·8 | 0·37 | 0·14, 0·96 | 49 | 9·3 | 20 | 4·0 | 0·40 | 0·19, 0·85 | |||
| Parent normally decides the type/size of the fast-food meal | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Don’t eat | 10 | 4·2 | 6 | 2·6 | 0·000 | 0·33 | 0·11, 0·95 | 15 | 5·2 | 16 | 6·0 | 0·233 | 1·51 | 0·69, 3·31 | 25 | 4·7 | 22 | 4·4 | 0·026 | 0·72 | 0·39, 1·33 |
| Yes | 159 | 67·4 | 105 | 45·3 | 0·36 | 0·24, 0·53 | 197 | 67·9 | 194 | 73·2 | 1·39 | 0·93, 2·07 | 356 | 67·6 | 299 | 60·2 | 0·69 | 0·52, 0·90 | |||
| No | 67 | 28·4 | 121 | 52·1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 78 | 26·9 | 55 | 20·8 | 1·00 | Ref. | 145 | 27·5 | 176 | 35·4 | 1·00 | Ref. | |||
| Parent normally orders from ‘healthy meals menu’ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Don’t eat | 26 | 11·0 | 15 | 6·5 | 0·000 | 1·00 | Ref. | 42 | 14·5 | 27 | 10·2 | 0·245 | 1·00 | Ref. | 68 | 12·7 | 42 | 8·5 | 0·002 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Yes | 107 | 45·3 | 64 | 27·6 | 1·03 | 0·51, 2·10 | 132 | 45·5 | 134 | 50·6 | 1·57 | 0·92, 2·71 | 239 | 45·4 | 198 | 39·8 | 1·34 | 0·87, 2·05 | |||
| No | 103 | 43·2 | 153 | 65·5 | 2·57 | 1·30, 5·09 | 116 | 40·0 | 104 | 39·2 | 1·39 | 0·80, 2·42 | 219 | 41·6 | 257 | 51·7 | 1·90 | 1·24, 2·90 | |||
| Parent occasionally offers fast-food restaurant meal as a reward | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Don’t eat | 12 | 5·1 | 5 | 2·2 | 0·159 | 1·00 | Ref. | 21 | 7·2 | 19 | 7·2 | 0·713 | 1·00 | Ref. | 33 | 6·3 | 24 | 4·8 | 0·317 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Yes | 102 | 43·2 | 113 | 48·7 | 2·65 | 0·90, 7·80 | 150 | 51·7 | 146 | 55·1 | 1·07 | 0·55, 2·08 | 252 | 47·9 | 259 | 52·1 | 1·41 | 0·81, 2·45 | |||
| No | 122 | 51·7 | 114 | 49·1 | 2·24 | 0·76, 6·56 | 119 | 40·1 | 100 | 37·7 | 0·92 | 0·47, 1·82 | 241 | 45·8 | 214 | 43·1 | 1·22 | 0·69, 2·13 | |||
| Nutritional labels available on fast-food restaurant menu | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Don’t eat | 10 | 4·2 | 5 | 2·2 | 0·016 | 1·00 | Ref. | 18 | 6·2 | 17 | 6·4 | 0·843 | 1·00 | Ref. | 28 | 5·3 | 22 | 4·4 | 0·250 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Yes | 27 | 11·4 | 25 | 10·8 | 1·85 | 0·55, 6·17 | 36 | 12·4 | 40 | 15·1 | 1·17 | 0·52, 2·62 | 63 | 12·0 | 65 | 13·1 | 1·31 | 0·68, 2·53 | |||
| No | 52 | 22·0 | 83 | 35·8 | 3·19 | 1·03, 9·86 | 67 | 23·1 | 55 | 20·8 | 0·86 | 0·40, 1·84 | 119 | 22·6 | 138 | 27·8 | 1·47 | 0·80, 2·71 | |||
| Never noticed | 108 | 45·8 | 83 | 35·8 | 1·53 | 0·50, 4·66 | 123 | 42·4 | 107 | 40·4 | 0·92 | 0·45, 1·87 | 231 | 43·9 | 190 | 38·2 | 1·04 | 0·58, 1·88 | |||
| Don’t know | 39 | 16·5 | 36 | 15·4 | 1·84 | 0·57, 5·92 | 46 | 15·9 | 46 | 17·3 | 1·05 | 0·48, 2·30 | 85 | 16·2 | 82 | 16·4 | 1·22 | 0·65, 2·31 | |||
Ref., reference category.
Significant P values, OR and 95 % CI indicated in bold font.
*
Normal weight defined as ≥25th and ≤75th percentile and obese defined as ≥95th percentile of BMI-for-age percentile based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data( 16 ).